Ekologi: Uholo Nsɛm a wɔda ho adi

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Questions and Answers

Dɛnsa yɛ bioma a ɛda ho adi sɛ ɔda ho akyirikyiri na ɛyɛ nwoma wɔ hɔ?

Savana

Hutan gugur

Gurun (correct)

Padang rumput

Kɔmhyɛ bɛn na ɛyɛ ɔkɛse na ɛda ho adi yɛ ɔkɛse wɔ ekosistem nsu?

Zona pelagik (correct)

Zona hoso

Zona litoral

Zona laut dangkal

Dɛn na ɛda ho adi sɛ ɛyɛ bioma a nsutɔ yɛ pɔtee ma no?

Tundra

Hutan hujan tropis

Gurun (correct)

Taiga

Ɛyɛ dɛn na nsuo a ɛda ho adi yɛ bɔkɔ mu na ɛyɛ akwan a ɛyɛ a wɔfrɛ no?

Ekosistem (B) Signup and view all the answers

Dɛn ne ɔkwan a ɛda ho adi sɛ bioma a ɛwɔ hɔ na ɛyɛ nsuo a ɛyɛ nsuo hyɛ?

Hutan hujan tropis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Dɛn na ɛda ho adi sɛ nsuo a ɛyɛ den a ɛkɔ ɔkwan mu?

Zona pelagik (D) Signup and view all the answers

Nea ɛda ho adi sɛ bioma a ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ nsuo hyɛ no, ɛyɛ dɛn?

Hutan hujan tropis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Dɛn na ɛyɛ ɔkwan a ɛda ho adi sɛ asɛm a ɛda ho akyirikyiri no yɛ wɔ ekosistem?

Simbiosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Apa proses yang mengubah ion nitrat menjadi gas nitrogen?

Denitrifikasi (D) Signup and view all the answers

Siapa bakteri yang tergolong dalam nitrifikasi dan berperan dalam pengubahan amonia?

Nitrosomonas (A) Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dimaksud dengan suksesi primer?

Pembangunan komunitas baru setelah lahan kosong (C) Signup and view all the answers

Manakah yang BUKAN merupakan contoh suksesi sekunder?

Pembukaan lahan baru (C) Signup and view all the answers

Siapa bakteri yang terlibat dalam proses reduksi sulfat menjadi sulfida?

Fotoautotrof (A) Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dimaksud dengan komunitas klimaks?

Komunitas seimbang setelah suksesi (C) Signup and view all the answers

Bakteri mana yang mengubah sulfida menjadi sulfur?

Bakteri kemolitotrof (D) Signup and view all the answers

Dalam daur fosfor, apa yang terlarut di air laut?

Guano (B) Signup and view all the answers

Rantai makanan perumput dimulai dari produsen, siapakah produsen dalam rantai ini?

Rumput (C) Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dimaksud dengan Jaring-jaring Makanan?

Kumpulan rantai makanan yang saling berhubungan (A) Signup and view all the answers

Manakah dari berikut ini yang merupakan jenis rantai makanan yang mengalir dari bahan mati?

Rantai saprofit (D) Signup and view all the answers

Apa fungsi utama dari energi kimia dalam ekosistem?

Untuk kehidupan, tumbuh, dan berkembang (A) Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang terlibat dalam produktivitas primer?

Penggunaan energi cahaya matahari oleh organisme autotrof (D) Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dimaksud dengan Produktivitas Primer Kotor (PPK)?

Seluruh bahan organik dari fotosintesis organisme autotrof (D) Signup and view all the answers

Siapa yang berperan sebagai konsumen primer dalam rantai makanan yang dijelaskan?

Belalang (A) Signup and view all the answers

Apa peran dari organisme detritivora dalam rantai makanan?

Memakan bahan mati (B) Signup and view all the answers

Dɛn na ekoloji yɛ?

Nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛyɛ adwuma a ɛfa abɔde ne wɔn ahorow ho (D) Signup and view all the answers

Nnipa a wɔda ho adi kɔfa bɛn mpoano no wɔ?

Sɛ abɔde no yɛ biotic (A) Signup and view all the answers

Dɛn na ɛyɛ simbiosis?

Abɔde mmienu a wɔda ho adi (A) Signup and view all the answers

Kwan bɛn na wɔfa so yɛ predasi?

Nnipakuo mmerɛ mu da ho adi (B) Signup and view all the answers

Dɛn na detritivor yɛ?

Abɔde a ɛyɛ aboabɔ anaa abɔde a ɛbɔ mu (D) Signup and view all the answers

Dɛn na ɛyɛ niche?

Abɔde a ɛda ho adi fa ɔkwan so (C) Signup and view all the answers

Kwan bɛn na nnipakuo bɔ mu mmerɛ?

Nnipakuo a wɔbɔ mu mmerɛ no (B) Signup and view all the answers

Nnipa a wɔyɛ abɔde bi wɔ?

Ekosystem a ɛyɛ nsuo (C) Signup and view all the answers

Biomassa organisme autotrof merupakan berapa persen dari seluruh bahan organik hasil fotosintesis?

50%-90% (C) Signup and view all the answers

Apakah yang dimaksud dengan produktivitas sekunder?

Kecepatan energi kimia mengubah bahan organik oleh organisme heterotrof (B) Signup and view all the answers

Apa bentuk umum dari piramida jumlah dalam ekosistem?

Menyempit ke atas (D) Signup and view all the answers

Proses apa yang tidak termasuk dalam daur air?

Fotosintesis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Bagaimana CO2 masuk ke dalam komponen biotik?

Melalui reaksi fotosintesis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Unsur apa yang tidak terlibat dalam daur biogeokimia?

Iodi (B) Signup and view all the answers

Mengapa energi kimia hilang pada setiap tingkatan trofik?

Energi digunakan oleh organisme dalam metabolisme (D) Signup and view all the answers

Apa bentuk gas nitrogen di atmosfer?

N2 (D) Signup and view all the answers

Piramida mana yang menunjukkan perbandingan berat kering suatu organisme pada setiap tingkatan trofik?

Piramida biomassa (C) Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang terjadi pada unsur-unsur dalam daur biogeokimia?

Didaur ulang (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ekologi

Ekologi is the study of the relationships between living things and their environment.
The word "ecology" comes from the Latin words "oikos" (home or habitat) and "logos" (study).
It was introduced by Ernest Haeckel (1834-1914).
The environment of living things is made up of two kinds of components:
- Biotic environment ( producers, consumers, decomposers)
- Abiotic environment ( physical and chemical components)

Interactions of Living Organisms with their Environment

Interactions between individuals: Competition between individuals in the same species (intraspecific competition).
Interactions between populations:
- Competition: Competition between populations (interspecific competition) occurs when populations need the same resources, but those resources are limited.
- Symbiosis: A close relationship between organisms living together. This includes mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, amensalism, and protocooperation.
- Predation: The interaction between a predator and its prey.

Interactions between biotic and abiotic components

Niche (role): The unique position and function of an organism in an ecosystem
Four categories of organisms according to their role:
- Producers (autotrophs)
- Consumers (heterotrophs)
- Decomposers (decomposers)
- Detritivores
Decomposers (breakdown of organic matter to inorganic matter)
- Examples include bacteria and fungi.
Detritivores (consume organic matter)
- Examples include earthworms, snails, and millipedes.

Ecosystems

Ecosystems: Relationships between living things and their environments
Three types of ecosystems:
- Aquatic ecosystems:
  - Freshwater ecosystems:
    - Lotic (flowing): rivers and streams
    - Lentic (still): lakes and ponds
  - Marine ecosystems:
    - Coastal (e.g., estuaries, beaches)
    - Shallow-water reefs
    - Open ocean
- Terrestrial ecosystems
  - The structure of these are dominated by plants.
  - Seven categories of biome are classified based on dominant vegetation and climate types:
    - tropical rainforests, savannas, grasslands, deserts, temperate deciduous forests, taigas, and tundra.
- Artificial ecosystems: Ecosystems created or significantly modified by humans (e.g., farms, urban areas).

Food Chains and Food Webs

Food chain: A linear sequence of organisms where each organism eats the one before it.
- Example: Grass => grasshopper => frog => snake => hawk
Food web: A network of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem with many interactions.

Types of Food Chains

Grazing food chain: Start with producers (plants) and include herbivores and carnivores
Detritus food chain: Starts with dead organic matter (detritivores)

Ecological Pyramids

Energy pyramids: Show the flow of energy through trophic levels; energy decreases as it moves from one trophic level to the next.
Biomass pyramids: Indicate the dry weight of the organisms at different trophic levels.
Number pyramids: Show the number of organisms at each trophic level.

Biogeochemical Cycles

Biogeochemical cycles are the movement and transformation of nutrients and mineral elements within ecosystems.
Four cycles specifically discussed in this material:
- Water cycle
- Carbon cycle
- Nitrogen cycle
- Phosphorus cycle
- Sulfur cycle

Ecological Succession

Ecological succession: The gradual change in the species composition of a community over time.
Two types of succession are:
- Primary succession: Occurs on newly exposed land, devoid of previous life. (e.g., volcanic islands, glaciers).
- Secondary Succession: Occurs on land that has been cleared of life or habitat. (e.g., forests cleared for farming)

Climax Community

Climax community is the stable, final community that is established during ecological succession.

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Description

Ekologi yɛ nsɛm a ɛfa nkɔsoɔ a ɛwɔ abɔde ne ne ɔman mu ho. Nsɛmhunu no ka biotic ne abiotic nhyehyɛe a ɛda ho adi. Nsɛm a ɛfa ɔbrɛ mu nkɔsoɔ ne nkabom ho nso wɔ mu.