CH 3 CP
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What can be inferred about Crystal's perception during her run along the beach?

  • It was not affected by the environment
  • It was primarily shaped by her emotional state
  • It was influenced by the mist and dim lighting (correct)
  • It was solely based on her prior knowledge of the environment

    • How does the scenario with the driftwood and umbrella best illustrate the concept of perception?

  • Perception is entirely subjective and cannot be corrected
  • Perception can be initially misleading and then corrected based on additional information (correct)
  • Perception is solely based on visual stimuli
  • Perception is always accurate and reliable

    • What does Crystal's experience with the coiled rope demonstrate about perception?

  • Perception is fixed and cannot be altered
  • Perception is solely influenced by emotional state
  • Perception is always accurate without the need for verification
  • Perception can lead to accurate interpretations upon further investigation (correct)

    • How does the text support the idea that perception is influenced by both internal and external factors?

    <p>It describes how mist and dim lighting affected Crystal's perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inverse projection problem in computer vision?

    <p>Determining what object created the image on the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is viewpoint invariance in computer vision?

    <p>The ability to recognize an object from different viewpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge for computer-vision systems regarding hidden or blurred objects?

    <p>Struggling with recognizing objects not in sharp focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to recognize an object from different viewpoints?

    <p>Viewpoint invariance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge involved in designing a 'perceiving machine'?

    <p>Achieving viewpoint invariance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is perception defined as?

    <p>Experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do humans easily solve in the context of the inverse projection problem?

    <p>Determining what object created the image on the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Crystal's experience on the beach illustrate?

    <p>Key aspects of perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do computer-vision systems struggle with regarding recognizing objects?

    <p>Achieving viewpoint invariance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can perception change?

    <p>Based on added information and involve a process similar to reasoning or problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common difficulty for computer-vision systems in recognizing objects?

    <p>Struggling with recognizing objects not in sharp focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Crystal's perception of the coiled rope based on?

    <p>A perceptual rule and her past experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability of humans to recognize objects from different viewpoints called?

    <p>Viewpoint invariance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for cognition according to the text?

    <p>Perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do computer-vision systems achieve through complex calculations to recognize objects?

    <p>Viewpoint invariance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is central to our ability to organize actions?

    <p>Perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do humans easily solve in terms of recognizing objects from different viewpoints?

    <p>Viewpoint invariance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the chapter according to the text?

    <p>To explain the mechanisms responsible for perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge for computers in solving the inverse projection problem?

    <p>Determining what object created the image on the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Roger's effortless perceptions of a city scene pose when closely examined?

    <p>Many 'puzzles'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do human perceptions pose for a computer vision system?

    <p>Difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the demonstration in the text point out about a city scene?

    <p>Several perceptual puzzles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text introduce questions about in a city scene?

    <p>Specific areas and asks readers to indicate the reasoning behind each answer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the turning point in the recognition and development of computer vision?

    <p>The founding of the International Journal of Computer Vision in 1987</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the DARPA Grand Challenge in 2004 showcase?

    <p>The difficulty in creating computer vision systems for autonomous vehicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are driverless cars still prone to, despite progress in computer vision?

    <p>Errors, such as misidentifying objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in creating accurate computer-vision systems according to the text?

    <p>Confusing similar objects like a lens cover and a tennis ball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do computers lack that humans accumulate from birth, leading to misidentification of objects?

    <p>Extensive knowledge about the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of computer-vision systems according to the text?

    <p>Inability to recognize contextual details</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did early digital computers in the 1950s fail to do in terms of human vision?

    <p>Rival human vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the history of computer vision development show?

    <p>The immense difficulty in creating systems that can rival human perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are computer-vision systems aiming to perceive and recognize?

    <p>Objects and scenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the examples presented in the text showcase?

    <p>The ongoing challenges in programming computers to accurately perceive and recognize objects and scenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was expected of early digital computers in the 1950s in terms of human vision?

    <p>To rival human vision in a decade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the DARPA Grand Challenge in 2004 highlight?

    <p>The difficulty in creating computer vision systems for autonomous vehicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of processing involves a person's knowledge of the environment and their expectations in the perceptual situation?

    <p>Top-down processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to tell when one word in a conversation ends and the next one begins, influenced by the listener's familiarity with the language being spoken?

    <p>Speech segmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage that humans have over computers in terms of perception?

    <p>Additional top-down knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the ability to identify breaks between words in speech?

    <p>Listener's experience with the language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was demonstrated by the experiment described in Chapter 1 regarding the identification of objects?

    <p>The role of top-down processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sequence of events from eye to brain, involving bottom-up processing?

    <p>Sensory pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of identical blobs to be perceived as different objects depending on context and orientation?

    <p>Multistable perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the complexities of perception according to the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of perception built on, according to the text?

    <p>Both bottom-up and top-down processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to recognize an object from different viewpoints?

    <p>Viewpoint invariance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of humans to organize actions, influenced by knowledge of the environment and expectations?

    <p>Perceptual organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of humans over computers in terms of interpreting objects and scenes?

    <p>Additional top-down knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Challenges in Computer Vision

    • Computer vision systems aim to perceive and recognize objects and scenes, but it has proven to be more complicated than depicted in early science fiction.
    • Early digital computers in the 1950s were expected to rival human vision in a decade, but they were primitive and slow in identifying simple objects.
    • The International Journal of Computer Vision was founded in 1987, marking a turning point in the field's recognition and development.
    • The DARPA Grand Challenge in 2004 showcased the difficulty in creating computer vision systems for autonomous vehicles, with the best performance covering only 7.3 miles.
    • Despite progress, driverless cars are still prone to errors, such as misidentifying objects, highlighting the difficulty of creating accurate computer-vision systems.
    • Computer-vision programs can accurately recognize objects but still make mistakes, such as confusing similar objects like a lens cover and a tennis ball.
    • Programs have been developed that can describe real scenes accurately, but mistakes still occur due to the lack of a vast storehouse of information about the world.
    • Computers may misidentify objects because they lack the extensive knowledge about the world that humans accumulate from birth.
    • The limitations of computer-vision systems stem from their inability to recognize contextual details and make inferences based on broader knowledge of the world.
    • The text highlights the challenges in creating computer vision systems that can accurately interpret a wide variety of objects and scenes.
    • The history of computer vision development shows the immense difficulty in creating systems that can rival human perception.
    • The examples presented in the text showcase the ongoing challenges in programming computers to accurately perceive and recognize objects and scenes.

    Information for Human Perception

    • Perception involves bottom-up processing, starting with environmental energy stimulating the receptors and transmitting electrical signals through the retina to the visual receiving area of the brain.
    • Top-down processing also plays a crucial role in perception, involving a person's knowledge of the environment and their expectations in the perceptual situation.
    • The experiment described in Chapter 1 showed that people identify objects more accurately when they fit the scene, demonstrating the role of top-down processing.
    • Top-down processing is illustrated in the example of "the multiple personalities of a blob," where identical blobs are perceived as different objects depending on context and orientation.
    • Humans have an advantage over computers due to the additional top-down knowledge available to them, influencing their interpretation of objects and scenes.
    • Speech segmentation is the ability to tell when one word in a conversation ends and the next one begins, influenced by the listener's familiarity with the language being spoken.
    • The physical signal for speech is generally continuous, and the ability to identify breaks between words is influenced by the listener's experience with the language being spoken.
    • A listener's experience with a language significantly influences their perception of sound stimuli, as demonstrated by the different perceptions of listeners familiar with different languages.
    • The sequence of events from eye to brain, involving bottom-up processing, is complex and requires reasoning to figure out the information provided by the scene.
    • Factors such as cues from the scene, knowledge of the environment, and expectations all contribute to the complexities of perception and would need to be programmed into a computer.
    • The process of perception is more complex than it seems, requiring an understanding of how the human perceiving machine operates and the types of information used by the human perceptual system.
    • Perception is built on a foundation of information from the environment, involving both bottom-up processing and top-down processing, which originate from environmental energy and the knowledge and expectations of the observer.

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