Final exams chapter 8

The energy stored within the bonds of molecules.

A type of inhibition where a molecule binds to the active site of an enzyme, preventing the substrate from binding.

A type of regulation where a molecule binds to a site on an enzyme, away from the active site, and enhances the enzyme's activity.

A type of regulation where a molecule binds to a site on an enzyme, away from the active site, and reduces the enzyme's activity.

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often altering its activity or function.

A regulatory mechanism where the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway, preventing overproduction.

Metabolic pathways that build complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input.

Organic molecules that help enzymes perform their functions. They are not permanently bound to the enzyme.

Tightly bound cofactors or coenzymes that are essential for enzyme function.

Inorganic ions that are essential for enzyme function.

The molecules produced by a chemical reaction.

The state where all the active sites of an enzyme are occupied by substrate molecules, resulting in the maximum reaction rate.

The reactant molecule that an enzyme acts upon.

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

The starting materials in a chemical reaction.

A high-energy state where old bonds are breaking and new bonds are forming.

The minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

The initial step where the enzyme binds to the substrate.

The change in enzyme conformation that occurs during the catalytic process.

ATP has high potential energy because of the three negatively charged phosphate groups that repel each other.

Molecules involved in electron transfer reactions, such as NADH, FADH2, and coenzyme Q.

Molecules that have gained electrons.

A type of chemical reaction where electrons are transferred from one molecule to another.

Molecules that have lost electrons.

A type of reaction that absorbs heat from its surroundings.

A type of reaction that releases heat into its surroundings.

The strength of bonds influences potential energy. Stronger bonds have lower potential energy, while weaker bonds have higher potential energy.

A form of energy that includes both potential and kinetic energy.

A type of energy produced by vibrating waves.

The energy associated with random motion of molecules.