Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution led to the development of new products like electricity, steel, chemicals, and oil.
• Steel was used to construct most machinery, ships, and engines.
• Painkillers were invented as medicines.
• Michael Faraday invented the first electric motor and dynamo (generator).
• Thomas Edison invented the incandescent light bulb.
• Factories, cities, subways, and households were powered by electricity instead of coal and steam.
• Nikola Tesla improved on Edison's electric current design.
• Communication saw a revolution in the 19th century with the invention of the telegraph.
• Samuel Morse invented the telegraph in 1840.
• Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
• Marconi invented wireless communication through the radio in 1901.
• The internal combustion engine revolutionized transportation.
• Improvements in medicine and sanitation led to an increased population.
• Berlin, Paris, and London made up the Golden Triangle of industry.
• Peasants were now able to leave their countries.
• More than 50 million people emigrated to other continents, majoritarily settling in the United States.
• Urban areas continued to grow as people looked for factory jobs.
• Plutocrats, including the wealthiest industrialists, bankers, merchants, and nobility, dominated European society.
• The Second Industrial Revolution created a lower middle class composed of salesmen, secretaries, and clerks.
• Industrialized countries required free education until the age of 12, resulting in increased literacy rates.
• Queen Victoria advocated for middle and upper class women to follow the cult of domesticity, emphasizing their role in the home and adherence to manners and morals.
• Feminism began around this time, opposing the idea of housewives as women called for suffrage.
• Early feminists didn't get the right to vote, but they got small reforms.
• British suffragettes staged parades and wild stunts, sometimes violent and crazy.
• There was a Culture of Leisure.
• Shorter working hours and higher wages allowed for leisure time.
• Circuses and fairs became popular.
• Vaudevilles (variety shows) emerged, but without established theaters.

Intellectual and Cultural Development

• Marie Curie discovered that atoms emit energy called radiation.
• Max Planck's constant is 6.626 x 10^-34.
• Albert Einstein's theory of relativity disproves Newton’s classical mechanics.
• Positivism states that knowledge should be based on natural phenomena and derived from logic and reason.
• Auguste Comte, known as the "Father of Positive Philosophy," described three stages of philosophy.
• The theological stage has gods explaining everything.
• The metaphysical stage states that universal laws are set up by a higher power.
• The positive stage argues that everything must be certain through the Scientific Method, arguing for science independent from religion.
• Comte proposed secular religion.
• Arthur Schopenhauer was a philosophical pessimist.
• Friedrich Nietzsche believed human life was controlled by irrational forces.
• George Sorel believed that non-rational thinking is the way to inspire rationalism.
• Syndicalism is when a radical strike by all workers leads to violence and a socialist society ruled by an elite group.
• Mikhail Bakunin believed in collective anarchism.
• Herbert Taper developed Social Darwinism, stating that the strong will eliminate the weak.
• Anticlericalism emerged in response to organized religion due to liberal opposition, new scientific thought, urbanization, and industrialization.
• Some churches began religious modernism in response to these developments.
• Certain Christians changed their beliefs based around the new scientific theories.
• The Salvation Army was created by William Booth to help the working class and spread Christian beliefs.
• YMCA provided amenities while spreading Christianity.
• Naturalism dominated literature.
• Writers attempted to mimic real life.

The Crimean War

• The Ottoman Empire was fading throughout the 1800s and losing order.
• Russia wanted Istanbul and access to trade through the Black Sea.
• Austria wanted land to expand its country.
• France and England sought to maintain control in the Mediterranean and prevent Russia from gaining power and controlling the Holy Lands.
• France and England allied with the Ottomans to stop Russia.
• The war started because Russia wanted the right to “protect Christian shrines in Palestine."
• The Crimean War is known for the Allies' mistakes (Britain, France, Turkish) that led to unnecessary deaths.
• It is considered the first "modern" war.
• Railroads and steamships facilitated quick transportation for troops, and the telegraph enabled quick communication.
• The Battle of Balaclava stands as a famous battle.
• Hundreds of British soldiers died.
• Disease resulted in more deaths than the actual fighting.
• Florence Nightingale began using modern sanitation and medicine techniques.
• After losing many troops and its navy in the Black Sea, Russia agreed to a peace treaty.
• Nothing much changed at the end; 650,000 died, and the Concert of Europe was destroyed.

Anti-Semitism and the Zionist Movement

• Anti-Semitism became widespread in Europe during this period.
• In Russia, Jews were confined to living in certain areas called pogroms.
• Many Jews emigrated to the US and Palestine.
• The Dreyfus Affair involved French military documents found in a German embassy that stirred controversy.
• A Jewish man was wrongly accused and imprisoned after a long trial.
• Emile Zola published a letter denouncing the government's cover-up.
• Public opinion became divided.
• The event demonstrated the forces working to reestablish the monarchy and the Church.

Act of Union

• The Act of Union unified Ireland and Britain, granting the Irish more rights.
• Irish militant groups called for home rule.
• After many denials, Ireland finally gained independence in 1922.
• Spain got a new constitution and was governed by a constitutional monarchy.
• Wealthy elites had all the power, while the middle and lower classes suffered.
• Spain went to war with the US and lost territory.

German Unification

• After Napoleon, the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) became the German Confederation.
• Austria dominated after the Congress of Vienna.
• Two models for unification existed: Big Germany (including Austria) and Small Germany (without Austria).
• The first attempt to unite Germany failed because the crown was rejected.
• Wilhelm I became king of Prussia and continued to build an authoritarian government, promote industrialization, and maintain a strong military.
• He appointed Otto Von Bismarck as prime minister.
• Bismarck united Germany through Prussian dominance (Nationalism).
• Realpolitik (IMPORTANT) - politics based on reality, not unrealistic goals.
• Bismarck banned Socialism but implemented policies that socialists wanted.
• Bismarck joined with the Liberals by expressing hatred towards Catholics and supporting industrialization.
• Instituted a foreign policy of blood and iron (EISEN UND BLUT).

Schleswig Wars

• Prussia and Austria v. Denmark.
• Austria won, but Bismarck wanted this.
• Bismarck's goal was to establish dominance over a German-speaking region.
• These wars resulted in the creation of the Northern German Confederation, which built a basis for a unified Germany.
• Prussia became the dominant power after the formation of the Northern German Confederation.

Austro-Prussian War

• The Battle of Haagen Daaz (Koniggratz).
• Austria was destroyed in seven weeks but didn't lose any territory.
• Austria was forced to sign an alliance.

Franco-Prussian War

• Southern German states did not want to unify, so Bismarck united Germany against France in war.
• Austria was forced to help.
• Bismarck supported Leopold of Hohenzollern for the Spanish crown, an idea that Napoleon III opposed .
• Wilhelm I forced Bismarck to withdraw from the war, but Bismarck manipulated a message to France, baiting them into declaring war.
• Prussia's industrialization led to their advance in steel production and military power.
• The war was lopsided in Prussia's favor.
• Bismarck annexed Alsace and Lorraine to further unite Germany.
• Napoleon III commanded the army but was defeated at the Battle of Sedan.
• Bismarck laid siege to Paris and defeated France.
• Bismarck marched into Versailles and declared Germany as united.
• Germany demanded reparations: France had to pay 5 billion Francs.
• Napoleon III was forced to abdicate.
• The loss of Alsace-Lorraine angered France.

Italian Unification

• Italy was divided and scattered.
• Three important leaders: Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Count Camillo di Cavour.
• Giuseppe Mazzini was a liberal advocate for Italian nationalism.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi pushed for nationalism and unification.
• Count Camillo di Cavour was the political mastermind of Italian unification.
• 1849 - Victor Emmanuel II became the king of Piedmont.
• Prime minister of Piedmont, Cavour set goals to unify Italy.
• First, create a strong state in Piedmont driven by industrial growth.
• Austria also needed to be removed from northern Italy to unify it. Cavout needed allies so he approached France.
• Piedmont next needed to unify the two regions of Sicily.
• Then captured the Papal States.

Italian War of 1859

• Supported by France, Piedmont mobilized their army and advanced towards Lombardy.
• While Austria was insistent, Cavour took no notice.
• Victor Emmanuel II was also nonchalant.
• An army known as Red Shirts proved successful.
• Garibaldi passed his crown on to Victor Emannuel.
• Cavour invaded the Papal States, and later marched to Naples.
• Southern Italians would later vote to join Piedmont and Cavour.
• Victor Emmanuel later became king of Italy in 1861.
• Italy supported Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War.
• They would later get Venetia in return.
• Pope Pius IX wanted nothing to do with the Papal States unification with the rest of Italy, thinking his support would come from France.
• German unification aided Italy in their cause when the French then pulled out of the Papal States.
• Italian armies then took Pope Pius' States with ease.

Nation-Building in Modern Europe

• The Austrian Empire faced many challenges as a multinational state with lots of diversity.
• With the spread of nationalism, different ethnic groups wanted their own independent countries.
• Previous losses to Piedmont and Prussia along with the Unification of Germany weakened the Habsburg monarchy.
• Austria was forced to give Hungary more freedoms.
• The Augsleich (Compromise) of 1867 created the dual-monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
• This dual-monarchy shared a common emperor (Francis Joseph), + shared military + financial system.
• There was also the existence of two different parliaments in charge of making laws.
• Alexander II became the new Czar of Russia; decided he needed reforms.
• The Russian economy was still primarily agricultural and based on serfdom (slavery).
• Serf uprisings threatened the government; serffers = uneducated, unable to do anything right.
• The majority of the Russian army were serfs.
• Serffers couldn't even be factory workers.
• Alexander II freed serffers in 1863-ish.
• Alexander created zemstvos: local assemblies that give people some power.
• Alexander Herzen was a radical who believed Russia should be formed into independent peasant villages, leading to the spread of populism.
• Over 2000 students went to the countryside to educate the people in 1872.
• Alexander II was assassinated.
• His son and successor, Alexander III, returned Russia to a repressive autocracy.
• 1892 - Sergei Witte became Minister of Finance, forcing industrialization.
• With little time for reform factories and industrial working class faced terrible conditions.
• Russian only thought that industrial growth was going to allow the Russia to keep up.
• Russia lost to Japan in the Russo-Japanese War.
• Russian workers were massacred by the Royal Guard in the Bloody Sunday Massacre.
• Russia remained stuck in an absolute monarchy under Nicolas II; liberal ideas caused social unrest.
• Russia formed a defensive alliance with France due to fear of Germany.

France

• Napoleon III won to become Emperor.
• Universal male suffrage was restored.
• The economy was improved.
• Industrial growth through iron industry was encouraged.
• Rail lines were expanded.
• Free medicine and housing were provided.
• Paris was modernized with plumbing, electricity, and streets.
• Napoleon invaded Mexico with assistance from the UK and Spain.
• France appointed Archduke Maximillian of Austria as emperor of Mexico.
• Maximillian was killed after he lost military protection.

Modern Europe

• In Germany, Bismarck out-Socialized the Socialists by instituting social reforms and welfare (first in Europe).
• In England, liberals passed reforms and increased liberties, specifically in the working class.

Democratic Socialism vs Fabian Socialism

• Fabians (based on Hannibal) gained small victories towards progress.
• The aim was to slowly get rid of capitalism through the process of creating socialist policies one by one.
• English liberals were in charge of passing the reforms to protect public support.
• This included power for the House of Commons, insurance, and a national pension.
• This was considered the first step towards the creation of a welfare state.
• Components of a welfare state include financials services, social services such as education, and non-cash benefits such as compensation.

England remained stable due to

• Reform Act expands middle-class voting rights.
• Continuous economic growth among middle and working class.
• Extended rule of Victoria.
• Reforms in public works and welfare.

Secularization and Materialism in Europe

• Charles Darwin contested the biblical version of theory of evolution, arguing instead that humans came from old world monkeys.
• Louis Pasteur developed the germ version of disease.
• New surgeries and techniques to prevent bacterial infections.
• The state and the church were officially separated in France.
• Bismarck feared coalitions between France and the rest of Europe.
• This inspired him to form an alliance with Russia and the Austrian Hungarian empire.

Imperialism

• Imperialism is defined as a policy that allows for stronger nations to extend their dominion over weaker territories in terms of politics, military, and economy.

• Oil, tin, and rubber were in high demand for European countries looking to exploit resources.

• 1. Economic

• Tariffs limit imports.

• New markets want European goods.

• Labor and investments. 2. Military

• Naval bases around the world 3. Nationalism

• Colonies glorify the country’s reach

• Machine gun

• Telegraph

• Steamships

• Shippers, military men, settlers, missionaries

Justifications for Imperialism

• Economic advantages.
• Military advantages.
• More territory equals more strategic advantages.
• Anglo-Saxon superiority.
• Missionary duty.
• "White Man's Burden” (Kipling depicts the white man's burden as to colonize and help the less developed "savages")
• The existence of three types of settlements include;

Tropical dependencies

• A few foreigners rule over a lot of indigenous people; indirect rule

Settler Colonies

• Many settlers rule over many indigenous.

White Dominions

• Mostly white population
• The four types of control include;

1. Colony that is governed by a foreign power.
2. Protectorate that while they govern themselves, are controlled by a outside power.
3. Sphere of Influence is when foreign land claims a right to exclusive investment/trading power.
4. Economic Imperialism states the lack of developed power in independent lands makes control from a foreign business more likely

British India

• (called the “jewel of the crown”).
• Britain set up trading posts in India, alongside the British East India Company.
• India had a good location and abundant raw materials.
• Britain was able to maintain control over Singapore through 1800's.
• The British East India Company utilized indigenous soldiers referred to as Sepoys in India.
• At this time, India was controlled primarily by this business rather than a proper government.
• Britain innovated a new rifle in 1853 that utilizes paper cartridges coated in animal fat.
• This made the Muslim & Hindu sepoys see the rifle as "unclean", inspiring them to disobey the British.
• The Sepoy Mutiny resulted from this tension against the British Empire.
• Despite the sepoys outnumbering their rivals, they failed because of social and religious conflicts.
• This rebellion ultimately resulted in India being handed off to British officials.
• Queen Victoria was honored as the Empress of India.
• India profits from British rule, including their stability and infrastructure.
• The Indian people are overall hurt from British rule. -Upper class Indians that form the Indian National Congress want political power.
• Mahomes Gandhi would become the leader of his movement.

Japan and China

• China had no need for Europe, unlike Japan, who had opened Japan to trade in 1853.
• Japan was able to experience vast amount of new governmental change.
• The Meiji government brought great change to Japan.
• Opium caused conflict in China, and Europe wanted to use this to to force China to sell to them.
• 12M Chinese became addicted to Opium.
• The Treaty of Nanjing required China to sell to England, with limited taxes.

Europe

• The Partition of Africa began.
• There was a mad dash for Africa.
• France allied with Egypt to build the Canal.
• France and England had the most land.
• There were other nations with land in Africa outside of these two countries, primarily Germans.
• Africa was divided into colonies, with the exception of Liberia and Ethiopia.
• Only whites could vote in Africa; this segregation was referred to as Apartheid.
• Nelson Mandela was the first president of South Africa.

Spanish American War.

• This was the end for Spain in terms of power.
• USA declared war after US ships sunk.

Russo-Japanese War

• Japan launched attacks.

General World Order (Rundown)

• Tensions run high, Russia allies with England.
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy form the Triple Alliance.
• But, Germany has an elected parliament called the Reichstag and there is a Kaiser in control.
• He then removes his right hand man, Otto Von Bismark.
• Then there's a group that includes England named the Triple Entente.