Effects of Maternal Employment on Child Development

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Questions and Answers

What is the most notable impact of maternal employment on cognitive development according to the given content?

There is no relationship between maternal work hours and cognitive development.

Cognitive development always benefits from maternal employment.

Cognitive development may suffer if the mother works 30 hours or more per week. (correct)

No impact if the mother works less than 30 hours a week.

Which factor is identified as having the greatest influence on psychosocial and cognitive development in children?

Stability of care arrangements.

Quality of childcare environment.

Child's temperament.

Family characteristics. (correct)

What percentage of mothers with children under age 6 were in the labor force in 2017?

65.1 percent (correct)

58.5 percent

45.0 percent

74.7 percent

Which type of maltreatment is defined as a deliberate action that may result in bodily harm?

Physical abuse Signup and view all the answers

Based on the content, which age group shows the highest increase in maternal employment from 1975 to 2013?

6 to 17 years Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of childcare shows the greatest variation in quality?

Type of caregiver involved. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about early child care is correct?

Both temperament and gender affect how early child care impacts a child. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding maternal workforce participation between 1975 and 2013?

All age groups experienced a decline in maternal employment. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the 'goodness of fit' in relation to a child's temperament?

The compatibility of a child's temperament with environmental demands. Signup and view all the answers

According to Harlow's experiments with Rhesus monkeys, what was emphasized as essential for proper development?

Comfort and close bodily contact. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the father typically play in different cultural contexts?

Varies significantly across cultures and can be held by non-traditional caregivers. Signup and view all the answers

How can working mothers impact child development?

Their involvement has resulted in benefits to children's social skills. Signup and view all the answers

What was observed regarding children raised by cloth surrogates in Harlow's study?

They explored more in unfamiliar environments. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding maternal employment's effects on children?

Children of working mothers do not receive necessary care. Signup and view all the answers

How does behavioral inhibition manifest in children?

In cautiousness when encountering new objects and situations. Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes significantly to child maltreatment risks?

Disorganization and stress within the family system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary influence on early preferences for sex-typed toys in infants and toddlers?

Innate tendencies influenced by biology Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting behavior is more commonly associated with fathers compared to mothers?

Encouraging rough play with sons Signup and view all the answers

What is a key outcome of successfully developing trust during infancy according to Erikson's Theory?

The child feels safe and loved Signup and view all the answers

What kind of attachment is characterized by babies being resilient and flexible in the face of stress?

Secure attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Strange Situation procedure in infant development studies?

To assess attachment patterns between an infant and an adult Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT a contributor to a child's developing attachment?

Age of the caregiver Signup and view all the answers

How can parental influence reinforce gender stereotypes in children?

By unconsciously responding differently to boys and girls Signup and view all the answers

What major psychosocial issue is highlighted during the first stage of Erikson's Theory?

Trust vs. mistrust Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Maternal Employment

Mothers' labor force participation has increased dramatically in the past four decades, with over half of mothers of infants and children under six in the workforce.
Working mothers often experience significant challenges, leading to potential consequences for their children in particular.
Mothers working 30 hours or more per week may negatively impact their child's cognitive development by the age of nine months.

Effects of Early Childcare

The quality of childcare significantly influences a child's development, with high-quality care having greater positive impact.
While quality, quantity, stability, and type of childcare are all relevant factors, family characteristics play a bigger role in determining a child's overall development.

Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect

Physical abuse involves deliberate actions leading to potential bodily injury
Neglect occurs when a dependent child's basic needs are not met
Sexual abuse entails harmful, physically or psychologically, sexual activity involving a child and an older person.

Goodness of Fit

The suitability of environmental demands and constraints to a child's temperament is crucial for well-being.

Behavioral Inhibition

This trait reflects how boldly or cautiously a child approaches unfamiliar objects and situations.

There is a rising number of non-traditional families, including single-parent households and same-sex couples.

The Mother's Role

Harlow's monkey experiments highlighted the importance of comfort over food in attachment, proving that mothering involves more than feeding.
Monkeys raised by cloth surrogates exhibited greater exploration but struggled with normal development and parenting skills.

The Father's Role

The father's role varies across cultures and can be assumed by other family members like uncles or grandfathers.
Fatherhood has undergone significant changes with fathers increasingly involved in childcare, impacting children's development positively.

Gender

Gender impacts how individuals are perceived, behave, and interact with the world.

Gender Differences in Infants and Toddlers

While measurable gender differences in infants and toddlers are minimal, early preferences for sex-typed toys and behaviors suggest innate biological influences.
These preferences emerge early and are observed in nonhuman primates, suggesting a combination of innate and social factors.

Parental Influences on Gender Differences

Parents generally use similar parenting styles, but unconsciously reinforce gender stereotypes through their actions and responses.
Fathers tend to promote gender-typing more than mothers, engaging in rougher play with sons and being more sensitive with daughters.

Developing Trust

Infants rely heavily on others for survival, leading to Erikson's theory focusing on trust vs. mistrust in the first stage of psychosocial development.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Successful trust development results in a sense of reliability in people and objects, leading to feelings of safety and love.
Failure leads to a perception of an unfriendly and unpredictable world, hindering the ability to form healthy relationships.

Developing Attachments

Attachment is a crucial emotional bond between an infant and caregiver, crucial for the child's well-being.
This bond is biologically predisposed and vital for survival by ensuring the baby's needs are met.

The Strange Situation

This laboratory-based technique assesses attachment patterns between an infant and an adult, often the mother.

Secure Attachment

Infants display flexibility and resilience in stressful situations.
They may cry when the caregiver leaves but are quickly comforted upon their return.

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Description

Explore the impact of maternal employment on child development, focusing on the participation of working mothers and the quality of early childcare. This quiz delves into how varying factors such as employment hours and family characteristics can influence outcomes in children's cognitive and emotional growth.