Effects of Malnutrition on Kidney Function

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in malnutrition?

Reduction in body water and circulating blood volume (correct)

Low urea synthesis

Acidosis

Increased salt intake

How can the inability to concentrate urine or low urine osmolality be reversed in malnourished individuals?

Infusion of phosphate

Reducing acid load

Increasing protein intake (correct)

Increasing salt intake

What is the primary carrier of acid (H+) in urine?

Urea

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Urinary phosphate (correct)

Ammonia

In individuals with low phosphorus intake, what happens to the phosphate filtered through the kidney?

It is reabsorbed to conserve body phosphate pools Signup and view all the answers

How can acidosis be corrected in malnourished patients?

Infusion of phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What should a malnourished patient do to reverse the effects on renal function?

Take adequate amount of protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of acute renal failure (ARF)?

Characterized by a temporary reduction in GFR and an alteration in the kidney's ability to excrete metabolic wastes Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of acute renal failure (ARF)?

A few days to weeks Signup and view all the answers

What dietary issue arises in acute renal failure (ARF)?

Inability to efficiently use dietary protein, amino acids, and energy substrates Signup and view all the answers

What are common complications of chronic renal failure (CRF)?

Over hydration, edema, hypertension, and congestive heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the description of chronic kidney disease stage 4?

Severe reduction of eGFR Signup and view all the answers

What is Uremia?

Urine in blood Signup and view all the answers

Why might parenteral or enteral nutrition solutions be used for patients with acute renal failure?

To improve the use of amino acids and prevent fatty acid deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What happens to GFR in chronic renal failure?

Gradually declines Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms experienced by patients with chronic renal failure?

Fatigue, weakness, muscle twitch, cramp, decreased mental ability Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Decreased GFR in Malnutrition

The primary cause of decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in malnutrition is reduced renal perfusion due to decreased blood flow and nutritional deficiencies affecting renal function.

Urine Concentration in Malnutrition

Inability to concentrate urine or low urine osmolality can be reversed through adequate nutritional support, especially protein and electrolyte replenishment, which helps improve kidney function and fluid balance.

Primary Carrier of Acid in Urine

The primary carrier of acid (H+) in urine is ammonium (NH4+), which plays a key role in excreting excess hydrogen ions and maintaining acid-base balance.

Phosphate in Low Phosphorus Intake

In individuals with low phosphorus intake, the phosphate filtered through the kidney is often reabsorbed more effectively, leading to lower urinary excretion to conserve serum phosphate levels.

Correcting Acidosis in Malnourished Patients

Acidosis in malnourished patients can be corrected by administering bicarbonate, ensuring adequate nutrition, particularly protein intake, and managing underlying causes of acidosis.

Reversing Effects on Renal Function

To reverse the effects of malnutrition on renal function, a malnourished patient should focus on nutritional rehabilitation, including a balanced diet with adequate caloric and protein intake.

Characteristics of Acute Renal Failure (ARF)

Acute renal failure (ARF) is characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function, leading to an accumulation of waste products in the blood and an inability to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.

Duration of Acute Renal Failure (ARF)

The duration of acute renal failure varies; it can be transient or extend for weeks to months, depending on the underlying cause and timely intervention.

Dietary Issue in Acute Renal Failure (ARF)

A common dietary issue arising in acute renal failure is the need for protein restriction, which can complicate nutritional management due to the requirement for adequate protein intake to prevent malnutrition.

Complications of Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)

Common complications of chronic renal failure include anemia, hypertension, metabolic bone disease, cardiovascular disease, and electrolyte imbalances.

Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 4

Chronic kidney disease stage 4 is characterized by severely reduced GFR (15-29 mL/min), indicating significant kidney damage and a requirement for close monitoring and preparation for renal replacement therapies.

Uremia

Uremia is a clinical syndrome resulting from the accumulation of waste products in the blood due to impaired kidney function, manifesting in various symptoms affecting multiple organ systems.

Nutrition Solutions in Acute Renal Failure

Parenteral or enteral nutrition solutions may be used for patients with acute renal failure to provide essential nutrients while managing fluid and electrolyte balance, especially when oral intake is insufficient.

GFR in Chronic Renal Failure

In chronic renal failure, GFR progressively declines, leading to an irreversible loss of kidney function and increasing reliance on dialysis or transplantation for management.

Symptoms of Chronic Renal Failure

Symptoms experienced by patients with chronic renal failure include fatigue, weakness, nausea, vomiting, itching, and changes in urine output, reflecting kidney dysfunction and metabolic disturbances.

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Description

Explore the reversible effects of malnutrition on renal function, including decreased glomerular filtration rate and the inability to concentrate urine. Learn how these effects can be reversed or corrected through increased salt and water intake.