Effects of Lifestyle on Heart Health

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of total deaths is attributed to pneumonia?

11.20%

8.63%

15.92% (correct)

5.50%

Which condition is associated with damage to the phrenic nerve?

Respiratory failure (correct)

Pulmonary embolism

Sinus bradycardia

External respiration

What was the total number of deaths caused by coronary heart disease in 2022?

702,880 deaths (correct)

44.18% total deaths

375,476 deaths

2.10% total deaths

Which of the following pulmonary diseases has the lowest death percentage?

Respiratory infections Signup and view all the answers

How frequently does a person die from cardiovascular disease?

Every 33 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the accumulation of LDL in blood vessels?

Decreased physical activity Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT mentioned as a risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI)?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

How does obesity primarily affect lipid levels?

Stimulates more lipid production Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes occur due to stress?

Elevated blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with acute left heart failure?

Dyspnea/tachypnea Signup and view all the answers

What role does fever play in cardiac events?

Inflammatory process due to cell death Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of nausea during a cardiac event?

Direct stimulation of the vomiting center by severe pain Signup and view all the answers

How does diabetes mellitus affect heart health?

Increases risk of myocardial infarction Signup and view all the answers

What process primarily involves the exchange of gases between the lungs and the environment?

External respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can decrease oxygen carrying capacity?

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of metabolism produces the most ATP?

Aerobic metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary adverse effect of anaerobic metabolism on cells?

Production of lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of cerebral hypoxia?

Decreased level of consciousness Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects oxygenation by influencing where an individual lives?

Environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the restriction or deviation of the chest wall movement that occurs in flail chest?

Paradoxical chest movement Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle factor is linked to decreased immune system efficiency?

Smoking Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic process occurs when oxygen is not available and generates toxic byproducts?

Anaerobic metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the lungs expand during breathing?

Negative pressure suctioning oxygen in Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of myocardial infarction (MI)?

Pain that persists more than 20 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a non-modifiable risk factor for myocardial infarction?

Obesity Signup and view all the answers

What pattern is characteristic of atrial fibrillation?

Irregularly irregular Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about risk factors for MI is accurate?

MI is inherited from parents to children Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the modifiable risk factors for myocardial infarction?

Physical inactivity Signup and view all the answers

How does stress relate to the risk of myocardial infarction?

It can lead to an increase in cholesterol levels Signup and view all the answers

During atrial flutter, how does the rhythm pattern compare to atrial fibrillation?

Same pattern but potentially more organized Signup and view all the answers

Which factor increases the risk of plaque buildup in coronary arteries?

Increased blood flow due to reduced exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of alterations in cardiac function in older adults?

Calcification of conduction pathways Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is primarily used to improve cardiac contractility?

Digitalis Signup and view all the answers

What does sinus tachycardia typically result from?

Hyper-metabolic states Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of atrial flutter on an ECG?

Sawtooth pattern of P waves Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with an increased risk of myocardial ischemia?

Heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of sinus rhythms?

Slow heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What defines premature atrial contractions (PACs)?

Irregularly timed heartbeats Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors contributes to left ventricular hypertrophy?

Atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for stable atrial flutter?

Calcium channel blockers Signup and view all the answers

How does vagal stimulation affect heart rate?

It decreases heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is a leading cause of death in the U.S.?

Myocardial Infarction (MI) Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is typically NOT required for asymptomatic patients?

Pacemaker Signup and view all the answers

What is the heart's response to anemia?

Increased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of mitral valve regurgitation?

Fish tongue appearance Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Effects of Physical Inactivity on the Heart

Reduced cardiac output
Improper lipid metabolism
Increased LDL levels
Accumulation of LDL in blood vessels leading to an increased risk of Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Potential symptoms include palpitations, distended jugular veins with noticeable pulsations.

Effects of Obesity on the Heart

Increased production of lipids
Increased LDL levels
Atherosclerosis
Increased risk of MI

Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on the Heart

Diabetes increases the risk of MI

Effects of Stress on the Heart

Release of stress hormones like adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol
Increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure
Damage to blood vessels over time, increasing the risk of MI

Effects of Fever on the Heart

Fever is caused by the inflammatory process resulting from the death of myocardial cells.

Oxygenation and Internal Respiration

Internal respiration involves the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, contributing to cellular respiration.

Factors Affecting Oxygenation

Physiological Factors:
- Blood vessel lumen narrowing and hardening with age.
Developmental Factors:
- Age-related changes in the cardiovascular system
Lifestyle Factors:
- Residence in polluted environments
- Smoking
- Substance abuse
- Stress
- Nutrition (e.g., consumption of green leafy vegetables)
- Exercise
Environmental Factors:
- Residence
- Workplace
- Usual location
Physiological Factors:
- Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity due to conditions like anemia and sickle cell disease.
- Decreased inspired oxygen concentration due to airway obstruction, hypovolemia, and increased metabolic rate.
- Hypothyroidism.
- Hyperventilation (intense emotion, exhaustion)
- Hypoventilation
- Hypoxia (oxygen depletion)
- Conditions affecting chest wall movement:
  - Flail chest: paradoxical chest movement (restriction or deviation of chest wall movement)
  - Trauma (flail chest, paradoxical chest movement)

Respiratory failure: 44.18% of cases
Pneumonia: 15.92% of cases
Lung cancer: 11.20% of cases
Pulmonary diseases: 8.63% of cases
Pulmonary embolism: 5.50% of cases
Lung edema: 3.93% of cases
Respiratory infections: 2.10% of cases

Statistics on Cardiovascular Disease (Year 2021)

Coronary heart disease caused 375,476 deaths in 2021.
Heart disease is the leading cause of death for men, women, and people of most racial and ethnic groups.
One person dies every 33 seconds from cardiovascular disease.
702,880 people died from heart disease in 2022.

Alterations in Cardiac Function - HIDHS

Conditions affecting cardiac strength of contraction, blood flow through the heart, or to the heart muscles, and decreased peripheral circulation.
These conditions can lead to:
- Reduced left ventricular hypertrophy
- Atherosclerosis
- Arteriosclerosis
Older adults experience alterations due to calcification of conduction pathways, thicker and stiffer heart valves, lipid accumulation and fibrosis, and a decrease in pacemaker cells in the SA node.
High mortality rates in post-menopausal females due to the loss of hormones.

Disturbances in Conduction - Cardiac Rhythms

Sinus Rhythms:
- Normal sinus rhythm
- Sinus bradycardia
- Sinus tachycardia
Atrial Rhythms:
- Premature atrial contractions (PACs)
- Atrial flutter
- Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular Rhythms
AV Blocks:

Normal Sinus Rhythm

Characterized by the presence of P waves, QRS complex, and T waves.

Sinus Bradycardia

Seen in athletes, during sleep, and with vagal stimulation.
Causes include vagal nerve stimulation, medications (e.g., digitalis, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers), and diseases conditions (e.g., MI, Myxedema, increased intracranial pressure).
Treatment is typically not required unless symptomatic; anticholinergics and pacemakers may be used.

Sinus Tachycardia

Caused by fever, shock, pain, anxiety, heart failure, hypermetabolic states, and anemia.
Treatment involves removing the underlying cause.

Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs)

Caused by caffeine, nicotine, heart failure, MI, and hypermetabolic states.
Treatment is not usually necessary, but may be required in the presence of comorbidities.

Atrial Flutter

Appearance of a sawtooth pattern on ECG
Common causes include rheumatic heart disease (RHD), thyrotoxicosis, heart failure, and myocardial ischemia.
Treatments include digoxin,calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, K-blockers, cardioversion, and anticoagulation.

Atrial Fibrillation

Characterized by irregularly irregular rhythm.
Treatment is tailored to the individual patient and may include medications, cardioversion, and catheter ablation.

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Defined as reduced blood flow in a coronary artery due to atherosclerosis or occlusion by an embolus or thrombus.

Epidemiology of MI

Leading cause of death in the United States.
Affects one in five men and one in six women.
Approximately 450,000 people in the United States die from coronary heart disease each year.

Risk Factors for MI

Non-modifiable Risk Factors:
- Age (over 40 years)
- Family history
- Gender (MI is three times more common in men)
Modifiable Risk Factors:
- High blood pressure.
- High lipid levels.
- Hypertension.
- Smoking.
- Physical inactivity.
- Obesity.
- Diabetes mellitus.
- Stress.

Chest Pain Management

24-Hour Halter - 2 Lead Wire:
- Used for continuous monitoring of heart rhythm for 24 hours.
Pleuritic/Lung Pain:
- Instruct the client to do deep breathing.
- Pain is exacerbated during exhalation due to a pleuritic rub.
Cardiac Pain
- Administration of three doses of nitroglycerin.
- If pain persists for more than 20 minutes, further evaluation is necessary.

Cardioversion

A procedure that uses an electrical shock to restore a normal heart rhythm.
May be used to treat atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.

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Description

This quiz explores the various effects of physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes, stress, and fever on heart health. Participants will learn about how these factors contribute to cardiac issues such as myocardial infarction and related symptoms. Test your knowledge on cardiovascular health and the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.