Effects of Lifestyle on Heart Health
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Effects of Lifestyle on Heart Health

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of total deaths is attributed to pneumonia?

  • 11.20%
  • 8.63%
  • 15.92% (correct)
  • 5.50%

    • Which condition is associated with damage to the phrenic nerve?

  • Respiratory failure (correct)
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Sinus bradycardia
  • External respiration

    • What was the total number of deaths caused by coronary heart disease in 2022?

  • 702,880 deaths (correct)
  • 44.18% total deaths
  • 375,476 deaths
  • 2.10% total deaths

    • Which of the following pulmonary diseases has the lowest death percentage?

    <p>Respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How frequently does a person die from cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Every 33 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the accumulation of LDL in blood vessels?

    <p>Decreased physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT mentioned as a risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI)?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does obesity primarily affect lipid levels?

    <p>Stimulates more lipid production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological changes occur due to stress?

    <p>Elevated blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with acute left heart failure?

    <p>Dyspnea/tachypnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does fever play in cardiac events?

    <p>Inflammatory process due to cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of nausea during a cardiac event?

    <p>Direct stimulation of the vomiting center by severe pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does diabetes mellitus affect heart health?

    <p>Increases risk of myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process primarily involves the exchange of gases between the lungs and the environment?

    <p>External respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can decrease oxygen carrying capacity?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metabolism produces the most ATP?

    <p>Aerobic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect of anaerobic metabolism on cells?

    <p>Production of lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of cerebral hypoxia?

    <p>Decreased level of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects oxygenation by influencing where an individual lives?

    <p>Environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the restriction or deviation of the chest wall movement that occurs in flail chest?

    <p>Paradoxical chest movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle factor is linked to decreased immune system efficiency?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic process occurs when oxygen is not available and generates toxic byproducts?

    <p>Anaerobic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the lungs expand during breathing?

    <p>Negative pressure suctioning oxygen in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of myocardial infarction (MI)?

    <p>Pain that persists more than 20 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a non-modifiable risk factor for myocardial infarction?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pattern is characteristic of atrial fibrillation?

    <p>Irregularly irregular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about risk factors for MI is accurate?

    <p>MI is inherited from parents to children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the modifiable risk factors for myocardial infarction?

    <p>Physical inactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stress relate to the risk of myocardial infarction?

    <p>It can lead to an increase in cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During atrial flutter, how does the rhythm pattern compare to atrial fibrillation?

    <p>Same pattern but potentially more organized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor increases the risk of plaque buildup in coronary arteries?

    <p>Increased blood flow due to reduced exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of alterations in cardiac function in older adults?

    <p>Calcification of conduction pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is primarily used to improve cardiac contractility?

    <p>Digitalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sinus tachycardia typically result from?

    <p>Hyper-metabolic states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of atrial flutter on an ECG?

    <p>Sawtooth pattern of P waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with an increased risk of myocardial ischemia?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of sinus rhythms?

    <p>Slow heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines premature atrial contractions (PACs)?

    <p>Irregularly timed heartbeats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors contributes to left ventricular hypertrophy?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for stable atrial flutter?

    <p>Calcium channel blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vagal stimulation affect heart rate?

    <p>It decreases heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is a leading cause of death in the U.S.?

    <p>Myocardial Infarction (MI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is typically NOT required for asymptomatic patients?

    <p>Pacemaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heart's response to anemia?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of mitral valve regurgitation?

    <p>Fish tongue appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Effects of Physical Inactivity on the Heart

    • Reduced cardiac output
    • Improper lipid metabolism
    • Increased LDL levels
    • Accumulation of LDL in blood vessels leading to an increased risk of Myocardial Infarction (MI)
    • Potential symptoms include palpitations, distended jugular veins with noticeable pulsations.

    Effects of Obesity on the Heart

    • Increased production of lipids
    • Increased LDL levels
    • Atherosclerosis
    • Increased risk of MI

    Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on the Heart

    • Diabetes increases the risk of MI

    Effects of Stress on the Heart

    • Release of stress hormones like adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol
    • Increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure
    • Damage to blood vessels over time, increasing the risk of MI

    Effects of Fever on the Heart

    • Fever is caused by the inflammatory process resulting from the death of myocardial cells.

    Oxygenation and Internal Respiration

    • Internal respiration involves the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, contributing to cellular respiration.

    Factors Affecting Oxygenation

    • Physiological Factors:
      • Blood vessel lumen narrowing and hardening with age.
    • Developmental Factors:
      • Age-related changes in the cardiovascular system
    • Lifestyle Factors:
      • Residence in polluted environments
      • Smoking
      • Substance abuse
      • Stress
      • Nutrition (e.g., consumption of green leafy vegetables)
      • Exercise
    • Environmental Factors:
      • Residence
      • Workplace
      • Usual location
    • Physiological Factors:
      • Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity due to conditions like anemia and sickle cell disease.
      • Decreased inspired oxygen concentration due to airway obstruction, hypovolemia, and increased metabolic rate.
      • Hypothyroidism.
      • Hyperventilation (intense emotion, exhaustion)
      • Hypoventilation
      • Hypoxia (oxygen depletion)
      • Conditions affecting chest wall movement:
        • Flail chest: paradoxical chest movement (restriction or deviation of chest wall movement)
        • Trauma (flail chest, paradoxical chest movement)
    • Respiratory failure: 44.18% of cases
    • Pneumonia: 15.92% of cases
    • Lung cancer: 11.20% of cases
    • Pulmonary diseases: 8.63% of cases
    • Pulmonary embolism: 5.50% of cases
    • Lung edema: 3.93% of cases
    • Respiratory infections: 2.10% of cases

    Statistics on Cardiovascular Disease (Year 2021)

    • Coronary heart disease caused 375,476 deaths in 2021.
    • Heart disease is the leading cause of death for men, women, and people of most racial and ethnic groups.
    • One person dies every 33 seconds from cardiovascular disease.
    • 702,880 people died from heart disease in 2022.

    Alterations in Cardiac Function - HIDHS

    • Conditions affecting cardiac strength of contraction, blood flow through the heart, or to the heart muscles, and decreased peripheral circulation.
    • These conditions can lead to:
      • Reduced left ventricular hypertrophy
      • Atherosclerosis
      • Arteriosclerosis
    • Older adults experience alterations due to calcification of conduction pathways, thicker and stiffer heart valves, lipid accumulation and fibrosis, and a decrease in pacemaker cells in the SA node.
    • High mortality rates in post-menopausal females due to the loss of hormones.

    Disturbances in Conduction - Cardiac Rhythms

    • Sinus Rhythms:
      • Normal sinus rhythm
      • Sinus bradycardia
      • Sinus tachycardia
    • Atrial Rhythms:
      • Premature atrial contractions (PACs)
      • Atrial flutter
      • Atrial fibrillation
    • Ventricular Rhythms
    • AV Blocks:

    Normal Sinus Rhythm

    • Characterized by the presence of P waves, QRS complex, and T waves.

    Sinus Bradycardia

    • Seen in athletes, during sleep, and with vagal stimulation.
    • Causes include vagal nerve stimulation, medications (e.g., digitalis, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers), and diseases conditions (e.g., MI, Myxedema, increased intracranial pressure).
    • Treatment is typically not required unless symptomatic; anticholinergics and pacemakers may be used.

    Sinus Tachycardia

    • Caused by fever, shock, pain, anxiety, heart failure, hypermetabolic states, and anemia.
    • Treatment involves removing the underlying cause.

    Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs)

    • Caused by caffeine, nicotine, heart failure, MI, and hypermetabolic states.
    • Treatment is not usually necessary, but may be required in the presence of comorbidities.

    Atrial Flutter

    • Appearance of a sawtooth pattern on ECG
    • Common causes include rheumatic heart disease (RHD), thyrotoxicosis, heart failure, and myocardial ischemia.
    • Treatments include digoxin,calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, K-blockers, cardioversion, and anticoagulation.

    Atrial Fibrillation

    • Characterized by irregularly irregular rhythm.
    • Treatment is tailored to the individual patient and may include medications, cardioversion, and catheter ablation.

    Myocardial Infarction (MI)

    • Defined as reduced blood flow in a coronary artery due to atherosclerosis or occlusion by an embolus or thrombus.

    Epidemiology of MI

    • Leading cause of death in the United States.
    • Affects one in five men and one in six women.
    • Approximately 450,000 people in the United States die from coronary heart disease each year.

    Risk Factors for MI

    • Non-modifiable Risk Factors:
      • Age (over 40 years)
      • Family history
      • Gender (MI is three times more common in men)
    • Modifiable Risk Factors:
      • High blood pressure.
      • High lipid levels.
      • Hypertension.
      • Smoking.
      • Physical inactivity.
      • Obesity.
      • Diabetes mellitus.
      • Stress.

    Chest Pain Management

    • 24-Hour Halter - 2 Lead Wire:
      • Used for continuous monitoring of heart rhythm for 24 hours.
    • Pleuritic/Lung Pain:
      • Instruct the client to do deep breathing.
      • Pain is exacerbated during exhalation due to a pleuritic rub.
    • Cardiac Pain
      • Administration of three doses of nitroglycerin.
      • If pain persists for more than 20 minutes, further evaluation is necessary.

    Cardioversion

    • A procedure that uses an electrical shock to restore a normal heart rhythm.
    • May be used to treat atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the various effects of physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes, stress, and fever on heart health. Participants will learn about how these factors contribute to cardiac issues such as myocardial infarction and related symptoms. Test your knowledge on cardiovascular health and the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

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