Effects of Ischemia on Myocardium

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What is the consequence of a fast decrease in mitochondrial phosphorylation in the myocardium?

Swelling of lysosomes and mitochondria

Decrease in anaerobic metabolism

Reduction in ATP production (correct)

Increase in intracellular sodium and calcium

How does the lack of ATP affect the intracellular environment of the myocardium?

Leads to a decrease in intracellular calcium

Results in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium (correct)

Causes an increase in anaerobic metabolism

Increases potassium influx into the cell

What is the impact of extracellular calcium moving into the damaged myocardial cells?

Reversal of damage to the ER

Accumulation in the mitochondria (correct)

Reduction in cellular swelling

Decrease in intracellular sodium and potassium

How can reperfusion injury be reduced in the myocardium?

Superoxide dismutase and vitamin E supplementation Signup and view all the answers

How does cortisol affect blood glucose levels?

It inhibits uptake of glucose by body cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the catabolic effect of cortisol?

Suppression of the inflammatory response in lymphoid tissue Signup and view all the answers

How does cortisol act as an immunosuppressant?

By reducing eosinophil, lymphocyte, and macrophage levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential effect of extreme physiologic stressors, according to the text?

General state of unpleasant arousal after life events Signup and view all the answers

What is the term stress defined as in the context of the text?

A demand that exceeds a person’s coping abilities Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is very sensitive to emotional, psychological, and social influences in the stress response?

Adrenal gland Signup and view all the answers

What suppresses reproduction, growth, and thyroid hormone during stress, according to the text?

Cortisol Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary effects of cortisol mentioned in the text?

Inhibition of gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 3-stage research process described in the text?

To determine if a treatment is safe and effective for humans Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of using double blind studies in human trials?

To keep the patients' names confidential and ensure unbiased results Signup and view all the answers

What does 'evidence-based research findings' refer to?

Research findings that have demonstrated merit after 3-stage processes Signup and view all the answers

How do regulatory bodies like the FDA contribute to the research process?

By reviewing and approving research findings based on safety and effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus in health care according to the text?

Preventing the spread of infections and diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of knowing 'normal' Anatomy and Physiology as mentioned in the text?

To establish a baseline for assessing deviations due to disease processes Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of prevention involves protecting healthy individuals from getting a disease or injury?

Primary prevention Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of tertiary prevention as discussed in the text?

To manage long-term health problems and complications Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the causative factors of a particular disease?

Etiology Signup and view all the answers

What type of disease process is characterized by sudden but usually short-lived symptoms?

Acute Signup and view all the answers

What do you call the preventive treatments like baby aspirin for heart disease?

Prophylaxis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a specific sign or symptom that is only felt by the patient for a particular disease?

Manifestation Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'idiopathic' mean in the context of diseases?

Cause unknown Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the development or sequence of events involved in tissue changes related to a specific disease process?

Pathogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test assists in diagnosis based on clinical manifestations, medical history, and results of clinical exams?

Blood tests Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for no obvious signs or symptoms, but pathological change may be occurring?

Subclinical Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a local change in tissue that may be microscopic or highly visible?

Lesions Signup and view all the answers

What does 'latent' refer to in the context of diseases?

No obvious signs but pathological change may be occurring Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the specific signs and symptoms for particular diseases?

Manifestations Signup and view all the answers