29 Questions
What is the difference between hypoxia and ischemia?
Hypoxia refers to oxygen deprivation with maintained blood flow, while ischemia is greatly reduced or interrupted blood flow.
What are the potential signs of severe and sudden hypoxia?
Drowsiness, impaired problem solving, convulsions, unconsciousness.
What can result in global ischemia?
Generalized low blood flow, as in cardiac arrest.
What may lead to the depletion of energy resources in the brain during ischemia?
Exhaustion of glucoses and glycogen.
What is the consequence of local occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel?
Stroke.
What are the two axonal transport systems mentioned in the text?
Slow system and Rapid system
Which cells are included in the supporting cells of the nervous system?
Schwann cells, satellite cells, and glial cells
What is the purpose of the myelin sheath formed by supporting cells?
Allows for rapid conduction of impulses
What are action potentials?
Pulsed electrical signals for neuron communication
Describe the three phases of action potentials.
Polarized/resting state, Depolarization, Repolarization
What happens during depolarization in terms of ion movement?
Membrane becomes permeable to Na+ ions causing inflow
What are the two main types of synapses mentioned in the text?
Electrical synapses and Chemical synapses
What type of messengers do chemical synapses rely on to transmit signals between neurons?
Chemical messengers
Name three major types of neurotransmitters in the brain mentioned in the text.
- Amino acids (e.g., glutamate and GABA) 2. Peptides (e.g., endorphins and enkephalins) 3. Monoamines (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine)
Which neurotransmitter mediates the most synaptic inhibition in the CNS?
GABA
What type of neurons in the spinal cord release acetylcholine?
Excitatory motor neurons
Which neurotransmitter do inhibitory spinal neurons release?
Glycine
What is the Monro-Kellie hypothesis related to?
Reciprocal changes among the intracranial volumes
Define Compliance in the context of the brain.
Compliance refers to the ease with which a substance can be compressed or deformed.
Which intracranial volume is the most easily displaced?
CSF compartment
What does Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) represent?
The pressure perfusing the brain
What is Hydrocephalus and how can it develop?
Hydrocephalus represents enlargement of the CSF compartment owing to an abnormal CSF volume. It can result from impaired reabsorption (communicating hydrocephalus) or from obstruction of the ventricular system (noncommunicating hydrocephalus).
What is a Cerebrovascular Disease?
A stroke (Brain attack) is an acute focal neurological deficit caused by a vascular disorder that injures brain tissue.
What is the most common type of stroke, representing 88% of cases?
Ischemic stroke
What is the main cause of hemorrhagic stroke?
Rupture of blood vessels and bleeding into the brain tissue
What is the main risk factor for stroke that increases with age?
Age
What transient condition is characterized by focal ischemic cerebral deficits lasting less than 24 hours?
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
What is the main manifestation of acute stroke that is described as sudden and one-sided?
Sudden onset weakness of face and arm
What is the term used to describe vision loss in one eye that can be a manifestation of acute stroke?
Amaurosis fugax
Explore the detrimental effects of hypoxia and ischemia on brain structures such as accumulation of excitatory neurotransmitters, cerebral edema, and increased intracranial pressure. Learn about the symptoms and consequences of hypoxia and ischemia on the brain.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
