Effects of Hypoxia and Ischemia on Brain Structures

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What is the difference between hypoxia and ischemia?

Hypoxia refers to oxygen deprivation with maintained blood flow, while ischemia is greatly reduced or interrupted blood flow.

What are the potential signs of severe and sudden hypoxia?

Drowsiness, impaired problem solving, convulsions, unconsciousness.

What can result in global ischemia?

Generalized low blood flow, as in cardiac arrest.

What may lead to the depletion of energy resources in the brain during ischemia?

Exhaustion of glucoses and glycogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of local occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel?

Stroke. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two axonal transport systems mentioned in the text?

Slow system and Rapid system Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are included in the supporting cells of the nervous system?

Schwann cells, satellite cells, and glial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath formed by supporting cells?

Allows for rapid conduction of impulses Signup and view all the answers

What are action potentials?

Pulsed electrical signals for neuron communication Signup and view all the answers

Describe the three phases of action potentials.

Polarized/resting state, Depolarization, Repolarization Signup and view all the answers

What happens during depolarization in terms of ion movement?

Membrane becomes permeable to Na+ ions causing inflow Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of synapses mentioned in the text?

Electrical synapses and Chemical synapses Signup and view all the answers

What type of messengers do chemical synapses rely on to transmit signals between neurons?

Chemical messengers Signup and view all the answers

Name three major types of neurotransmitters in the brain mentioned in the text.

<ol> <li>Amino acids (e.g., glutamate and GABA) 2. Peptides (e.g., endorphins and enkephalins) 3. Monoamines (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter mediates the most synaptic inhibition in the CNS?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons in the spinal cord release acetylcholine?

Excitatory motor neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter do inhibitory spinal neurons release?

Glycine Signup and view all the answers

What is the Monro-Kellie hypothesis related to?

Reciprocal changes among the intracranial volumes Signup and view all the answers

Define Compliance in the context of the brain.

Compliance refers to the ease with which a substance can be compressed or deformed. Signup and view all the answers

Which intracranial volume is the most easily displaced?

CSF compartment Signup and view all the answers

What does Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) represent?

The pressure perfusing the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is Hydrocephalus and how can it develop?

Hydrocephalus represents enlargement of the CSF compartment owing to an abnormal CSF volume. It can result from impaired reabsorption (communicating hydrocephalus) or from obstruction of the ventricular system (noncommunicating hydrocephalus). Signup and view all the answers

What is a Cerebrovascular Disease?

A stroke (Brain attack) is an acute focal neurological deficit caused by a vascular disorder that injures brain tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of stroke, representing 88% of cases?

Ischemic stroke Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of hemorrhagic stroke?

Rupture of blood vessels and bleeding into the brain tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk factor for stroke that increases with age?

Age Signup and view all the answers

What transient condition is characterized by focal ischemic cerebral deficits lasting less than 24 hours?

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main manifestation of acute stroke that is described as sudden and one-sided?

Sudden onset weakness of face and arm Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe vision loss in one eye that can be a manifestation of acute stroke?

Amaurosis fugax Signup and view all the answers