Effects of Heat on Matter: Expansion & Temperature

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Questions and Answers

What happens to density when volume increases?

  • Density decreases (correct)
  • Density increases
  • Density remains constant
  • Density fluctuates

Thermal expansion can be which of the following?

  • Linear
  • Areal
  • Volumetric
  • All of the above (correct)

What does heat primarily change in a system?

  • Mass
  • Pressure
  • Temperature (correct)
  • Volume

What is specific heat capacity?

<p>The heat required per unit mass to change a substance's temperature by 1 degree Celsius. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the formula $Q = mcΔT$, what does 'Q' represent?

<p>Heat required to change temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lesson discusses which effects of heat on matter?

<p>Thermal Expansion, Phase Change, and Temperature Change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the 'Predict-Observe-Explain' activity, what is the first step?

<p>Prediction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Thermal Expansion?

<p>The tendency of matter to change in volume in response to changes in temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a metal ball increases in volume when heated, what is happening at the molecular level?

<p>Molecules move faster and spread out. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of adding heat on the kinetic energy of molecules?

<p>The molecules' kinetic energy are increased. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Phase Change'?

<p>The transformation of matter from one state (solid, liquid, gas) to another. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to temperature during a phase change, assuming heat is constantly applied?

<p>Temperature remains constant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Temperature Change'?

<p>The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do atoms and molecules in a solid constantly do?

<p>Oscillate around their equilibrium point. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can thermal expansion cause in railroad tracks?

<p>The tracks to buckle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which years did train derailments due to rail buckling occur frequently in the US?

<p>1998-2002 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for thermal expansion to occur?

<p>A change in temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal state of atoms/molecules in a solid object?

<p>In constant motion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where did the Saint Jude Catholic School, Manila, get copyright for the image?

<p>They created the image (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the thermal expansion of long sections of rail tracks?

<p>The rail tracks experience rail buckling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable 'm' represent in the heat of fusion formula, $Q = mH_f$?

<p>Mass of the solid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process does the heat of fusion describe?

<p>Melting a solid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes heat of vaporization?

<p>Heat required to turn a liquid into a gas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unit is commonly used by electric power companies to sell electricity?

<p>Kilowatt-hour (kWh) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of 1 kWh in Joules (J)?

<p>3.6 x 10^6 J (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect on the water pipes when hot water is turned on?

<p>They heat up (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which variable represents the heat required to turn a solid into a liquid?

<p>Q (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heat of fusion describes which change of state?

<p>Solid to liquid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Q' represent in the formula $Q = mH_v$?

<p>Heat required to turn a liquid into a gas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does $H_v$ stand for in the formula $Q = mH_v$?

<p>Heat of Vaporization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the temperature of a substance at its freezing or boiling point when thermal energy is added?

<p>The temperature remains constant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At freezing and boiling points, what is the energy primarily used for?

<p>Changing the phase of matter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in calculating the heat needed to change ice at -30.0°C to steam at 130.0°C?

<p>Calculate the heat to raise the ice from -30.0°C to 0.0°C. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is needed to determine the amount of heat required to melt 1.50 kg of snow at 0.0°C and heat it to 70°C?

<p>The heat of fusion and specific heat capacity of water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If thermal energy is added to a system at its boiling point, what primarily occurs?

<p>The system changes phase from liquid to gas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the heat absorbed by ice at -20.0°C used for as it becomes water at 0.0°C?

<p>Changing its state from solid to liquid and raising its temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Thermal Expansion

The increase in volume of a substance as temperature rises.

Phase Change

Transformation of matter from one state to another due to heat.

Temperature Change

The alteration in temperature of a substance when heat is applied or removed.

Kinetic Energy

Energy of an object due to its motion, affected by temperature changes.

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Molecular Level

Behavior and arrangement of molecules during physical changes.

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Volume Increase

The rise in space that a substance occupies when heated.

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Initial State of Matter

Condition of matter before any change occurs, like before heating.

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Prediction in Science

An educated guess about the outcome of an experiment based on prior knowledge.

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Rail Buckling

A phenomenon where rail tracks distort due to thermal expansion.

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Equilibrium Point

The stable position around which atoms oscillate in a solid.

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Oscillation of Atoms

The regular movement of atoms around an equilibrium position.

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Train Derailments

Accidents where trains come off the tracks, sometimes due to thermal effects.

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Continuous Sections of Rail

Long, unbroken spans of railroad that can be affected by thermal expansion.

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Density vs. Volume

An increase in volume causes a decrease in density.

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Types of Thermal Expansion

Thermal expansion can be linear, areal, or volumetric.

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Specific Heat Capacity

Heat required per unit mass to change temperature by 1°C or 1K.

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Heat Transfer Equation

Q = mcΔT, where Q is heat, m is mass, c is specific heat, and ΔT is temperature change.

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Water as Cooling Agent

Water is often used to cool materials due to its high specific heat capacity.

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Heat Transfer Calculation

Determining the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance during temperature change.

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Heat of Fusion

The amount of heat needed to convert a solid into a liquid at its melting point.

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Heat of Vaporization

The heat required to convert a liquid into a gas at its boiling point.

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Calculating Cost of Heating Water

Determining expenses based on the heat energy used to raise the temperature of water.

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Heat Absorbed by Water

The total amount of heat energy taken in by water when its temperature increases.

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Calculating Heat for Iron

Determining the heat transferred to a solid, such as iron, as its temperature increases.

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Freezing Point

The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid.

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Boiling Point

The temperature at which a liquid turns into vapor or gas.

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Kinetic Energy and Phase Change

Energy remains in a system during phase change without temperature increase.

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Thermal Energy

Energy that comes from the temperature of matter affecting its motion.

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Heat Absorption

The process in which a substance takes in heat energy, changing phase or temperature.

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Mass in Heat Transfer

The quantity of a substance that affects the amount of heat needed for temperature change.

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Study Notes

Effects of Heat on Matter

  • The effects of heat on matter include thermal expansion, phase change, and temperature change.
  • Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature.
  • Atoms and molecules in a solid constantly oscillate around their equilibrium point.
  • An example of thermal expansion is the buckling of railroad tracks.
  • Thermal expansion is linear, areal, or volumetric.
  • The linear expansion formula is ΔL = αΔT * Lâ‚€.
  • The area expansion formula is ΔA = 2αΔT * Aâ‚€.
  • The volume expansion formula is ΔV = 3αΔT * Vâ‚€.
  • α is the coefficient of linear expansion
  • The coefficient of linear expansion depends on the material.
  • A table with approximate coefficients of thermal expansion at 20°C is provided to help in calculation where α and β are the coefficients.

Temperature Change

  • Heat changes the temperature of a substance/material.
  • Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required per unit mass to change a substance's temperature by 1 Celsius Degree or 1 Kelvin.
  • The formula for calculating heat required to change temperature is Q = mcΔT where Q is the heat required, m is the mass, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
  • A table of specific heat capacities in J/kg K is provided with various material values.

Phase Change

  • Heat can cause changes in the phase of matter (Solid, Liquid, Gas).
  • Heat of fusion is the heat required to melt a solid into a liquid. The formula is Q = mHf.
  • Heat of vaporization is the heat required to turn a liquid into gas. The formula is Q = mHv.
  • The latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat needed to change the phase from solid to liquid (without changing temperature).
  • The latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat needed to change the phase from liquid to gas (without changing temperature).
  • Different materials have different latent heat values, as seen in table 1.
  • A heating curve for water describes temperature change and phase changes.

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Lesson 18 - Effects of Heat on Matter PDF

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