17 Questions
What is one of the problems faced in agriculture marketing that contributes to the need for import substitution?
Competition from large scale industries
Why was the import substitution policy important according to the text?
To protect industries under state control from competition
What was a key role played by the private sector in the import substitution policy mentioned in the text?
Obtaining licenses for imports
Which factor influenced India's decision to limit the imports of goods during 1950-90 according to the text?
The need to protect domestic goods production
What was one common objective of the inward-looking trade policy mentioned in the text?
Generating more foreign exchange through exports
Why were domestic producers required to obtain licenses for imports in the context of the import substitution policy?
To restrict competition with large scale industries
What is the formula for Marketable Surplus as mentioned in the text?
Total Production - Self Consumption
What is one of the drawbacks mentioned for the Green Revolution in relation to food production?
Increased inequality among farmers
Why are subsidies in agriculture considered important, according to the text?
To support poor farmers who cannot afford inputs
Which aspect of Industry is highlighted as a benefit in relation to agriculture?
High potential for export growth
What is the outcome of eliminating subsidies in agriculture?
Reduction in inequality between rich and poor farmers
What was the basic element of the 'High-Yielding Varieties programme' (HYVP) introduced during the Green Revolution?
Use of chemical fertilizers
What was a key feature of the Green Revolution in India?
Buffer stock of food grains
What was a major impact of the Green Revolution in India?
Attaining marketable surplus
Which agricultural practice was NOT a part of the Green Revolution in India?
Land ceiling regulations
What was one technological innovation commonly used during the Green Revolution?
Extensive use of fertilizers
What was a critical aspect of the New Agricultural Strategy implemented during the Green Revolution?
Use of High Yielding Varieties of Seeds (HYVS)
Study Notes
Importance of Irrigation and Pesticide
- Adequate irrigation facilities and use of pesticide are essential for agricultural growth.
Effects of Green Revolution
- Marketable surplus = Total production - Self consumption
- Supply in favour of subsidies
- Drawbacks of food: confined to limited area of the country, limited coverage, and inequality among farmers, with big farmers receiving greater benefits.
Importance of Industry
- Employment generation
- Development of agriculture
- Exploitation of resources
- Productivity
- High potential for high volume of exports, leading to growth
- Key to self-sustaining development of regional balances
Subsidies
- Subsidies do not benefit most farmers in India, who are poor and cannot afford required inputs without subsidies.
- Elimination of subsidies will increase inequality between rich and poor farmers.
- Against subsidies: the purpose of subsidies is not being served, and it should be phased out.
Classification of Industries
- Public sector (state-owned units)
- Private sector (Schedule B)
- Joint sector (Schedule C)
Promotion of Industry
- Improvement in agriculture marketing
- Reasons for import substitution: problems, shortage of raw material, difficulties in marketing, outdated machines, underutilized export potential, bureaucratic hurdles, and competition from large-scale industries.
Import Substitution Policy
- Policy for a large part of the period 1950-90
- Import substitution only benefits farmers in a limited way
- Imposing tariffs on imported goods to protect domestic producers
Problems of Indian Agriculture
- Institutional problems: defective land reforms, lack of credit, population pressure on land, availability of land, subsistence farming, marketing facilities, land degradation, and size of land holdings.
- General problems: social problems, pressure on land, and crop losses.
Agrarian Reforms
- Abolition of intermediaries
- Regulations on rent
- Land ceiling
- Extensive use of fertilizers
- Use of pesticides
Phases of Green Revolution
- First phase: mid-1960s to mid-1970s
- Second phase: mid-1970s to mid-1980s
- Features of Green Revolution: attaining marketable surplus, buffer stock of food grains, benefits to low-income groups, cooperative farming, agricultural mechanization, price support policy, and irrigation.
New Agricultural Strategy
- High-Yielding Varieties programme (HYVP)
- Package programme introduced in the kharif season of mid-1960s
- Use of HYVS facilities, high-yielding varieties of seeds, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation.
Test your knowledge on the effects of Green Revolution, like marketable surplus and drawbacks, as well as the importance of the industry in areas such as employment generation, agriculture development, and resource exploitation.
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