79 Questions
Which type of ADHD involves symptoms of both hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive types?
Combined type
What is a common characteristic of the hyperactive-impulsive type of ADHD?
Fidgeting and talking a lot
What is a key feature that helps differentiate the diagnosis of ADHD in children?
Medical history and social factors
What does the NEBA system specifically measure to help diagnose ADHD?
Brain waves (THETA and BETA)
Which behaviour is commonly observed in children with ADHD according to the text?
Constantly interrupting others
What ratio of brain waves has been shown to be higher in children with ADHD according to the NEBA system?
Theta/Beta
What aspect of physical health is screened during the diagnosis tests for ADHD to rule out physical issues?
Vision and hearing
What is a common feature observed in children with the hyperactive-impulsive type of ADHD?
Difficulty sitting still for long periods
What is the primary role of pharmaceutical manufacturers in drug development?
Producing drugs
Why is selectivity important in drug development?
To avoid hitting unintended targets
Which organelle in the liver controls protein synthesis?
mTORC1
What health condition can result from mTORC1 affecting cardiomyocytes?
Cardiac disease
Which cellular component is negatively impacted by mTORC1 in arterial wall macrophages?
Lipid burden
How does hitting unintended targets during drug development affect side effects?
Increases side effects
In the context of drug development, what does specificity refer to?
"On-target" effects
How does NAP1051 differ from LXA4?
NAP1051 has a longer half-life
Which common strategy is NOT used to address low drug solubility?
Antioxidants
Why are cyclodextrins effective in enhancing drug solubility?
Because they form inclusion complexes with drugs
What role does the bucket structure of cyclodextrins play in enhancing drug solubility?
It allows inclusion of lipid drugs in the hydrophobic cavity
What is a key implication of modifying an anti-inflammatory drug to have a longer half-life?
Increased effectiveness as an anti-inflammatory
Why can NAP1051 not be put in solution due to its lower solubility in water?
Its poor water solubility prevents it from forming a solution
Which approach would be most suitable for enhancing the solubility of a poorly soluble drug that tends to aggregate?
Forming inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins
What is the most effective mechanism through which cyclodextrins enhance drug solubility?
Enhancing drug dissolution through increased surface area
What is the purpose of Black Box Warnings for medications?
To alert consumers about serious or life-threatening side effects or risks
What symptoms are associated with the adverse effects of certain medications when taken in combination with others?
Lead-pipe rigidity, unstable blood pressure, tachycardia, and fever
How do Medication Guides aim to help patients and caregivers?
By alerting them to the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior
What is the significance of the boldfaced text at the beginning of prescription inserts for antidepressants?
It warns about the increased risk of suicidality in children and adolescents
What kind of risks are Medication Guides intended to inform patients and caregivers about?
The risk of suicidal thinking and behavior
Why is it important for consumers to be aware of Black Box Warnings?
To draw attention to serious or life-threatening side effects or risks
Which term describes a warning that is assigned by the Food and Drug Administration indicating major risks of a drug?
'Black Box' Warnings
What is a common symptom associated with rhabdomyolysis when caused by certain medications?
'Tea-colored' urine
How does cocaine affect dopamine reuptake in the brain?
It blocks dopamine reuptake by binding to dopamine transporters.
What are the behavior effects of recreational doses of amphetamines and cocaine?
Increased mental and physical activation
How do cocaine and amphetamines affect blood pressure and heart rate?
They increase both heart rate and blood pressure.
What is the main physiological effect of amphetamines on autonomic responses?
Bronchial dilation
Which receptor type are D1 and D5 receptors classified as?
Gs coupled receptors
What is an example of a medication that contains both D and L isomers of amphetamine?
Adderall
What is the mechanism of action of caffeine in the brain?
Non-selective inhibition of phosphodiesterase
What is the main effect of methylxanthines on adenosine receptors in the heart?
Antagonism of adenosine receptors slowing down heart rate.
Which therapy may be effective for suppressing melatonin according to the text?
Bright light Therapy with blue wavelength
What patient-specific factors, in conjunction with guideline recommendations, should guide treatment choices for depression?
Individual factors and guideline recommendations
What is a common complementary therapy mentioned in the text for treating depression?
Folic acid supplementation
Which mental illness often leads to suicide according to the text?
Depression
What is a potential side effect of a permanent medical device according to the text?
Temporary hoarseness
Why is being proactive with counseling highlighted in the text regarding depression treatment?
To have a profound impact on someone's life
What is the role of Omega 3 fatty acids in treating depression?
Reducing inflammation and improving mood regulation
What can be considered essential when deciding treatment choices for depression?
Considering patient-specific factors along with guideline recommendations
What is the primary implication of modifying an anti-inflammatory drug to have a longer half-life?
Improved drug delivery
Which common strategy is NOT used to address low drug solubility?
Probiotics
Why is cyclodextrin effective in enhancing drug solubility?
It increases surface area for dissolution
What is the most likely reason why NAP1051 cannot be put in solution due to its solubility characteristics?
Low water solubility
How do inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins enhance drug solubility?
By disrupting drug aggregation
What is the main reason for considering the device used to deliver an anti-inflammatory drug with low water solubility?
To improve drug bioavailability
Which common approach is suitable for enhancing the solubility of a poorly soluble drug that tends to aggregate?
Utilizing co-crystals
What is the main advantage of forming inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins to enhance drug solubility?
Increasing drug dissolution efficiency
What is the primary role of norepinephrine among the neurotransmitters mentioned in the text?
Responsible for activity and arousal
Which neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in controlling reward, motivation, memory, and attention?
Dopamine
What is the primary function of CNS stimulants in treating ADHD symptoms?
Improving attention span and reducing impulsivity
What is the significance of adding shorter-acting stimulants for individuals with faster metabolism as mentioned in the text?
To provide consistent coverage throughout the day
Among the neurotransmitters discussed, which one is primarily responsible for mood regulation and endocrine secretions?
Serotonin
Which statement accurately describes the long-acting CNS stimulant medications according to the text?
Take longer to act but provide coverage for an extended period
What percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD were reported to be taking ADHD medication according to the 2016 CDC data?
60%
"Amphetamine (Adderall XR)" belongs to which category of CNS stimulants based on the information provided?
"Long-acting stimulants"
What is the primary goal in ADHD with regards to dopamine and norepinephrine?
To maintain DA and NE in the synapse as long as possible
What is the main effect of amphetamine on dopamine release?
Diffuses into vesicles causing DA release into cytoplasm
Which of the following side effects is NOT associated with stimulants?
Limb numbness due to vasodilation
What is the formulation of Adderall XR?
5-30 mg increments of 5 mg
What is included in the amphetamine mixture of Adderall?
Dextroamphetamine sulfate and saccharate, as well as amphetamine sulfate and aspartate
When should the last dose of immediate-release amphetamine be given?
6 hours prior to bedtime
Which property describes Adderall XR among the listed options?
Single-entity of mixed amphetamine salts
What is the function of amphetamine in relation to dopamine and norepinephrine transporters?
Reverses flow by blocking reuptake of DA and NE
Which group of antidepressants was discovered first?
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
What is the main side effect associated with dietary interactions of MAOIs?
Hypertensive crisis
Which antidepressant medication should be considered for a patient with primarily low energy and anhedonia?
Venlafaxine
What is the primary concern when combining certain foods with MAOIs?
Hypertensive crisis
Which strategy involves adding a second antidepressant to initial therapy after 4 to 8 weeks if there is a partial response?
Augmentation therapy
What is the main side effect profile consideration when selecting an antidepressant for patients with low energy and anhedonia?
Sedation and insomnia
Why are tricyclic antidepressants not preferable for patients with suicidal ideation or past suicide attempts?
They have a risk of overdose
Which food item should patients definitely avoid when taking MAOIs?
'Definitely avoid': Aged cheeses
Learn about how cocaine blocks dopamine reuptake and binds to postsynaptic neurons, as well as the indirect sympathomimetic effects of amphetamines. Explore the behavior effects of recreational doses of cocaine and amphetamines, including enhanced stimulation, coordination, performance, strength, endurance, and mental alertness.
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