Effects of Cocaine and Amphetamines on Dopamine Reuptake
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Questions and Answers

Which type of ADHD involves symptoms of both hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive types?

  • Combined type (correct)
  • Hyperactive type
  • Impulsive type
  • Inattentive type

    • What is a common characteristic of the hyperactive-impulsive type of ADHD?

  • Being impulsive
  • Daydreaming
  • Fidgeting and talking a lot (correct)
  • Difficulty waiting for turn

    • What is a key feature that helps differentiate the diagnosis of ADHD in children?

  • EEG-based assessment
  • Medical history and social factors (correct)
  • Family history of ADHD
  • Physical exam only

    • What does the NEBA system specifically measure to help diagnose ADHD?

    <p>Brain waves (THETA and BETA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behaviour is commonly observed in children with ADHD according to the text?

    <p>Constantly interrupting others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ratio of brain waves has been shown to be higher in children with ADHD according to the NEBA system?

    <p>Theta/Beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of physical health is screened during the diagnosis tests for ADHD to rule out physical issues?

    <p>Vision and hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature observed in children with the hyperactive-impulsive type of ADHD?

    <p>Difficulty sitting still for long periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of pharmaceutical manufacturers in drug development?

    <p>Producing drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is selectivity important in drug development?

    <p>To avoid hitting unintended targets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle in the liver controls protein synthesis?

    <p>mTORC1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health condition can result from mTORC1 affecting cardiomyocytes?

    <p>Cardiac disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular component is negatively impacted by mTORC1 in arterial wall macrophages?

    <p>Lipid burden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hitting unintended targets during drug development affect side effects?

    <p>Increases side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of drug development, what does specificity refer to?

    <p>&quot;On-target&quot; effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does NAP1051 differ from LXA4?

    <p>NAP1051 has a longer half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which common strategy is NOT used to address low drug solubility?

    <p>Antioxidants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are cyclodextrins effective in enhancing drug solubility?

    <p>Because they form inclusion complexes with drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the bucket structure of cyclodextrins play in enhancing drug solubility?

    <p>It allows inclusion of lipid drugs in the hydrophobic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key implication of modifying an anti-inflammatory drug to have a longer half-life?

    <p>Increased effectiveness as an anti-inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can NAP1051 not be put in solution due to its lower solubility in water?

    <p>Its poor water solubility prevents it from forming a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach would be most suitable for enhancing the solubility of a poorly soluble drug that tends to aggregate?

    <p>Forming inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective mechanism through which cyclodextrins enhance drug solubility?

    <p>Enhancing drug dissolution through increased surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Black Box Warnings for medications?

    <p>To alert consumers about serious or life-threatening side effects or risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms are associated with the adverse effects of certain medications when taken in combination with others?

    <p>Lead-pipe rigidity, unstable blood pressure, tachycardia, and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Medication Guides aim to help patients and caregivers?

    <p>By alerting them to the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the boldfaced text at the beginning of prescription inserts for antidepressants?

    <p>It warns about the increased risk of suicidality in children and adolescents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of risks are Medication Guides intended to inform patients and caregivers about?

    <p>The risk of suicidal thinking and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for consumers to be aware of Black Box Warnings?

    <p>To draw attention to serious or life-threatening side effects or risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a warning that is assigned by the Food and Drug Administration indicating major risks of a drug?

    <p>'Black Box' Warnings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with rhabdomyolysis when caused by certain medications?

    <p>'Tea-colored' urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cocaine affect dopamine reuptake in the brain?

    <p>It blocks dopamine reuptake by binding to dopamine transporters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the behavior effects of recreational doses of amphetamines and cocaine?

    <p>Increased mental and physical activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cocaine and amphetamines affect blood pressure and heart rate?

    <p>They increase both heart rate and blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physiological effect of amphetamines on autonomic responses?

    <p>Bronchial dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type are D1 and D5 receptors classified as?

    <p>Gs coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a medication that contains both D and L isomers of amphetamine?

    <p>Adderall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of caffeine in the brain?

    <p>Non-selective inhibition of phosphodiesterase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of methylxanthines on adenosine receptors in the heart?

    <p>Antagonism of adenosine receptors slowing down heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy may be effective for suppressing melatonin according to the text?

    <p>Bright light Therapy with blue wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What patient-specific factors, in conjunction with guideline recommendations, should guide treatment choices for depression?

    <p>Individual factors and guideline recommendations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complementary therapy mentioned in the text for treating depression?

    <p>Folic acid supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mental illness often leads to suicide according to the text?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of a permanent medical device according to the text?

    <p>Temporary hoarseness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is being proactive with counseling highlighted in the text regarding depression treatment?

    <p>To have a profound impact on someone's life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Omega 3 fatty acids in treating depression?

    <p>Reducing inflammation and improving mood regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be considered essential when deciding treatment choices for depression?

    <p>Considering patient-specific factors along with guideline recommendations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary implication of modifying an anti-inflammatory drug to have a longer half-life?

    <p>Improved drug delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which common strategy is NOT used to address low drug solubility?

    <p>Probiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cyclodextrin effective in enhancing drug solubility?

    <p>It increases surface area for dissolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely reason why NAP1051 cannot be put in solution due to its solubility characteristics?

    <p>Low water solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins enhance drug solubility?

    <p>By disrupting drug aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for considering the device used to deliver an anti-inflammatory drug with low water solubility?

    <p>To improve drug bioavailability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which common approach is suitable for enhancing the solubility of a poorly soluble drug that tends to aggregate?

    <p>Utilizing co-crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of forming inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins to enhance drug solubility?

    <p>Increasing drug dissolution efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of norepinephrine among the neurotransmitters mentioned in the text?

    <p>Responsible for activity and arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in controlling reward, motivation, memory, and attention?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of CNS stimulants in treating ADHD symptoms?

    <p>Improving attention span and reducing impulsivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of adding shorter-acting stimulants for individuals with faster metabolism as mentioned in the text?

    <p>To provide consistent coverage throughout the day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the neurotransmitters discussed, which one is primarily responsible for mood regulation and endocrine secretions?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the long-acting CNS stimulant medications according to the text?

    <p>Take longer to act but provide coverage for an extended period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD were reported to be taking ADHD medication according to the 2016 CDC data?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Amphetamine (Adderall XR)" belongs to which category of CNS stimulants based on the information provided?

    <p>&quot;Long-acting stimulants&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal in ADHD with regards to dopamine and norepinephrine?

    <p>To maintain DA and NE in the synapse as long as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of amphetamine on dopamine release?

    <p>Diffuses into vesicles causing DA release into cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following side effects is NOT associated with stimulants?

    <p>Limb numbness due to vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formulation of Adderall XR?

    <p>5-30 mg increments of 5 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the amphetamine mixture of Adderall?

    <p>Dextroamphetamine sulfate and saccharate, as well as amphetamine sulfate and aspartate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should the last dose of immediate-release amphetamine be given?

    <p>6 hours prior to bedtime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property describes Adderall XR among the listed options?

    <p>Single-entity of mixed amphetamine salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of amphetamine in relation to dopamine and norepinephrine transporters?

    <p>Reverses flow by blocking reuptake of DA and NE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of antidepressants was discovered first?

    <p>Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main side effect associated with dietary interactions of MAOIs?

    <p>Hypertensive crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidepressant medication should be considered for a patient with primarily low energy and anhedonia?

    <p>Venlafaxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when combining certain foods with MAOIs?

    <p>Hypertensive crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy involves adding a second antidepressant to initial therapy after 4 to 8 weeks if there is a partial response?

    <p>Augmentation therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main side effect profile consideration when selecting an antidepressant for patients with low energy and anhedonia?

    <p>Sedation and insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are tricyclic antidepressants not preferable for patients with suicidal ideation or past suicide attempts?

    <p>They have a risk of overdose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food item should patients definitely avoid when taking MAOIs?

    <p>'Definitely avoid': Aged cheeses</p> Signup and view all the answers

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