Types of Premedications
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following opioids is NOT licensed in veterinary species?

  • Morphine (correct)
  • Methadone
  • Pethidine
  • Fentanyl

    • Which opioids are considered full Mu agonists?

  • Buprenorphine, Butorphanol
  • Methadone, Fentanyl, Pethidine
  • Methadone, Fentanyl, Pethidine, Morphine (correct)
  • Morphine, Buprenorphine, Butorphanol

    • Which opioid is a Mu antagonist and Kappa agonist?

  • Methadone
  • Butorphanol (correct)
  • Pethidine
  • Fentanyl

    • Which patients might benefit from using Butorphanol as an analgesic?

    <p>Birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of high doses of opioids?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug can be used to antagonize opioids?

    <p>Naloxone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of acepromazine in dogs?

    <p>Neuroleptanalgesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which benzodiazepine is commonly used in small animal practice and can be administered via the IM and IV route?

    <p>Midazolam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?

    <p>GABA-A receptor activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential use of midazolam in veterinary patients?

    <p>Premedication in healthy animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor does ketamine primarily act on?

    <p>NMDA receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of ketamine at higher doses?

    <p>Dissociative anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ketamine?

    <p>Short acting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of the racemic mixture of medetomidine?

    <p>It is not fully understood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential side effect of using alpha-2 agonists in brachycephalic breeds?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of alpha-2 agonists on blood pressure and heart rate?

    <p>Initial increase followed by a decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential effect of alpha-2 agonists on insulin production?

    <p>Reduction in insulin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of alpha-2 agonists on urine production?

    <p>Increased urine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common component of premedication that provides sedation but not analgesia?

    <p>ACP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs are anti-cholinergic or para-sympatho-lytic/vagolytic?

    <p>Atropine and glycopyrrolate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential unwanted effects of anticholinergics?

    <p>Mydriasis, reduced gut motility, bronchodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is alfaxalone commonly used for?

    <p>Induction agent and sedation for sick patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is alfaxalone more commonly used in?

    <p>Cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the adverse effects of alfaxalone on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Mild Vasodilation with Limited effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is apnoea reported with alfaxalone administration?

    <p>IV route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what circumstances is the combination of alfaxalone and an opioid a good alternative?

    <p>Sicker patients where ketamine is not appropriate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patients may require additional sedation with a sedative?

    <p>Patients who have received higher doses and are excitable/reactive to light/noise/movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of atropine and glycopyrrolate in reducing bradycardia?

    <p>They reduce bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following opioids is NOT licensed in veterinary species?

    <p>Morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of ketamine at higher doses?

    <p>Apnoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential unwanted effects of anticholinergics?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what circumstances is the combination of alfaxalone and an opioid a good alternative?

    <p>For sedation in sick patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patients may require additional sedation with a sedative?

    <p>Brachycephalic breeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is apnoea reported with alfaxalone administration?

    <p>At higher doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is considered antiarrhythmic due to the effects of alpha-1 receptor antagonism in the heart, cell membrane stabilization, and sympathetic reduction?

    <p>Acepromazine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is commonly used in veterinary patients as an NMDA receptor antagonist?

    <p>Ketamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs can be used as a co-induction agent in sick patients, rather than as part of a premed?

    <p>Midazolam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs reduces the amount of induction and inhalation agent needed during anesthesia?

    <p>Ketamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is a poor muscle relaxant when used alone?

    <p>Ketamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is commonly used in small animal practice and can be administered via the IM and IV route?

    <p>Midazolam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is known for its good cardiovascular stability and stimulatory effects?

    <p>Ketamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of alpha-2 agonists?

    <p>Increased respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential effect of alpha-2 agonists on blood pressure and heart rate?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure and decreased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is an alpha-2 agonist commonly used in small animal practice?

    <p>Xylazine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of alpha-2 agonists on urine production?

    <p>Increased urine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of ketamine at higher doses?

    <p>Dissociative anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential use of midazolam in veterinary patients?

    <p>Muscle relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of the racemic mixture of medetomidine?

    <p>It is inactive or may reduce the desired effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is commonly used to reduce bradycardia and respiratory tract secretions in veterinary patients?

    <p>Atropine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is a neuroactive steroid and is commonly used as an induction agent in veterinary patients?

    <p>Alfaxalone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is commonly used for alfaxalone in cats, but not in dogs?

    <p>Intramuscular (IM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of alpha-2 agonists on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination of drugs might be a good alternative in sicker patients where ketamine is not considered appropriate?

    <p>Alfaxalone and midazolam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of using alpha-2 agonists in brachycephalic breeds?

    <p>Apnoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opioid is a Mu agonist and Kappa antagonist?

    <p>Buprenorphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential effect of alpha-2 agonists on insulin production?

    <p>Decreased insulin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is apnoea reported with alfaxalone administration?

    <p>When administered intravenously (IV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following opioids is NOT licensed in veterinary species?

    <p>Morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is commonly used in veterinary patients as a co-induction agent rather than as part of a premed?

    <p>Midazolam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opioids are considered full Mu agonists?

    <p>Methadone, Fentanyl, Pethidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of alpha-2 agonists on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Transient increase in cardiac output and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patients might benefit from using Butorphanol as an analgesic?

    <p>Patients with non-painful procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor does ketamine primarily act on?

    <p>NMDA receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential effect of alpha-2 agonists on insulin production?

    <p>Decrease insulin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is alfaxalone commonly used for?

    <p>Anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of high doses of opioids?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opioid is a Mu antagonist and Kappa agonist?

    <p>Buprenorphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of alpha-2 agonists?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patients may require additional sedation with a sedative?

    <p>Sick patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of alpha-2 agonists on urine production?

    <p>Decrease urine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is considered antiarrhythmic due to the effects of alpha-1 receptor antagonism in the heart, cell membrane stabilization, and sympathetic reduction?

    <p>Acepromazine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is an alpha-2 agonist commonly used in small animal practice?

    <p>Medetomidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of alpha-2 agonists on blood pressure and heart rate?

    <p>Initially increase blood pressure and then decrease it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is a phenothiazine commonly used in veterinary premedication?

    <p>ACP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of phenothiazines on blood pressure?

    <p>Vasodilation leading to hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of alpha-2 agonists on insulin production?

    <p>Reduction in endogenous insulin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of alpha-2 agonists on urine production?

    <p>Increased urine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of phenothiazines on sedation and analgesia?

    <p>Sedation and anxiolysis, but no analgesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is commonly used as an induction agent and can also be used to sedate sick patients?

    <p>Alfaxalone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is an anti-cholinergic or para-sympatho-lytic/vagolytic drug?

    <p>Atropine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is NOT routinely used in premedication?

    <p>Glycopyrrolate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs can reduce the amount of respiratory tract secretions?

    <p>Glycopyrrolate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs has few adverse effects on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Alfaxalone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is commonly used in small animal practice and can be administered via the IM and IV route?

    <p>Ketamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs might be a good alternative in sicker patients where ketamine is not considered an appropriate choice?

    <p>Alfaxalone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is NOT an appropriate choice for sedation in patients in which a robust premed has not provided sufficient sedation to place an IV cannula?

    <p>Ketamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is a more common approach for sedation in cats compared to dogs?

    <p>Alfaxalone</p> Signup and view all the answers

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