Effective Study Techniques

A complex of multiple ribosomes translating a single mRNA molecule simultaneously; enables rapid protein synthesis.

The process of moving proteins across or into the plasma membrane.

The process of moving proteins from the cytoplasm to external environments.

Systems common to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, responsible for protein secretion and translocation.

Bacterial proteins contributing to the pathogenicity of a bacteria by causing host injury.

Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; have a nucleoid.

Gram-positive walls have thick peptidoglycan layers, while gram-negative walls have thin peptidoglycan layers and an outer membrane.

Organism is a fungus that has chitin in its cell wall, forms filaments and spores.

A process where bacteria take up foreign DNA from their surroundings

Processes crucial for gene expression and protein synthesis

Proteins that facilitate RNA polymerase binding to specific promoter regions in transcription initiation

The third position in a codon can tolerate mismatches, enhancing the recognition ability of mRNA and tRNA. The wobble position can accommodate variations.

mRNA binds to the small ribosomal subunit to initiate protein synthesis

Transcriptional control mechanism where translation of a leader peptide regulates the transcription of an operon.

Molecular syringes in Gram-negative bacteria that inject proteins directly into host cells.

Gene expressed only when a specific substrate is present; otherwise, it's not expressed.

The term "prokaryotic" is outdated because it doesn't distinguish between Bacteria and Archaea, implying a lack of complexity in bacterial cells.

Bacterial cells are typically smaller, have a nucleoid instead of a nucleus, lack membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, and have a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla).

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, are purple after staining, have a smaller periplasmic space, are more porous and susceptible to antibiotics, and contain teichoic acids in their cell walls.

Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer, an outer membrane (LPS), are pink after staining, a larger periplasmic space, less porous, and less susceptible to antibiotics.

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, serving as a selectively permeable barrier for nutrient transport, waste removal, and energy production (respiration/photosynthesis).

A transport mechanism that chemically modifies the transported molecule during transport.

A dormant, highly resistant structure for survival under harsh conditions (heat, UV, starvation).

Often consists of a protein or glycoprotein S-layer, without peptidoglycan.