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EE313 - Digital Concepts Lecture 01
40 Questions
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EE313 - Digital Concepts Lecture 01

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Questions and Answers

What is a primary advantage of using digital systems?

  • Simpler design
  • Noise immunity (correct)
  • Uniform data format
  • Higher power consumption

    • In positive logic, which of the following correctly represents a logical state?

  • Lower voltage represents true
  • Higher voltage represents high (correct)
  • Higher voltage represents low
  • All states are represented by a fixed voltage

    • What describes the binary number system?

  • It uses a base of 10
  • It allows for fractions only
  • Each position represents a power of 2 (correct)
  • It is a weighted system based on 8

    • How is the fractional part of a decimal number converted to binary?

    <p>By multiplying by 2 and taking the integral part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the base used in the octal number system?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of digital systems?

    <p>Quantization error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a digit's position in the decimal number system represent?

    <p>The weight is a power of 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a decimal number converted into octal?

    <p>By dividing by 8 and recording the remainders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding corresponding bits in binary addition?

    <p>To account for any carry produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is binary subtraction typically performed?

    <p>By generating borrow bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which representation is used to encode decimal digits in binary?

    <p>Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of Gray code?

    <p>Successive code words differ in only one bit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of error detection and correction, what does the distance between codewords represent?

    <p>The number of bit positions in which codewords differ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of logic gate?

    <p>SUBTRACT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Invalid codeword' refer to in error detection?

    <p>A codeword resulting from a bit error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale of integration includes a large number of logic gates within an IC?

    <p>Very Large Scale Integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary observation made by Moore’s Law?

    <p>The number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles every two years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often does Bell's Law suggest that a new computer class emerges?

    <p>Every decade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Dennard Scaling imply about power density?

    <p>Power density remains constant as transistors become smaller.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best matches the main idea of Bell's Law?

    <p>Computer classes evolve based on the cost and technology of components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gordon Moore originally predict in 1965 regarding transistor counts before revising it in 1975?

    <p>Doubling every year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does binary logic compare to other forms of logic in terms of susceptibility to noise?

    <p>Less susceptible to noise and signal degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of increased device density due to smaller transistors as stated in Dennard Scaling?

    <p>Lower cost per function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the nature of Moore's Law projections?

    <p>Moore's Law includes an expectation of a plateau beyond a certain timeframe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of an XOR gate when both inputs A and B are 0?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the XNOR gate, what is the output when A = 1 and B = 1?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following logic gate outputs 1 if an even number of inputs are 1?

    <p>XNOR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mathematical principles does Boolean algebra primarily operate on?

    <p>Binary logic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law states that the order of operations does not affect the output in Boolean algebra?

    <p>Commutative Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of integrated circuits are based on MOSFET technology?

    <p>MOS Integrated Circuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Boolean algebra, what is the output of the expression (A + B)' when A = 1 and B = 1?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties is NOT part of Boolean algebra?

    <p>Transitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the operation A + A’?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law states that the order of operations does not affect the result of a logical expression?

    <p>Commutative Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a minterm?

    <p>Assumes value 1 for exactly one combination of variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to De Morgan’s laws, what is the expression for (A + B)’?

    <p>A’ ⋅ B’</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the AND operation A.0?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the expression X + (Y.Z) equal according to the distributive laws?

    <p>(X + Y)(X + Z)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which expression represents a maxterm for a 3-variable function f(A, B, C)?

    <p>(A + B’ + C’)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of function minimization in Boolean algebra?

    <p>To reduce the number of terms and literals in an expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digital Concepts

    • Key advantages of digital systems: noise immunity, data compression, and encryption.
    • Key disadvantages: quantization error and complexity.
    • Applications include computers, microcontrollers, DSP systems, and PLCs.

    Logic States

    • Digital systems operate with two states:
      • Logic 1 (TRUE, HIGH)
      • Logic 0 (FALSE, LOW)
    • Positive logic: lower voltage represents low (0), higher voltage represents high (1).
    • Negative logic: lower voltage represents high (1), higher voltage represents low (0).

    Number Systems

    • Various number systems used to represent and manipulate numbers include:
      • Decimal Number System
      • Roman Number System
      • Binary Number System
      • Weighted vs. non-weighted systems.

    Decimal and Binary Systems

    • In the decimal system, each digit's position is weighted as a power of 10.
    • In the binary system, each digit's position is weighted as a power of 2.

    Conversion Methods

    • Binary to Decimal conversion: represents binary digits as weighted sums of powers of 2.
    • Decimal to Binary conversion: uses successive division by 2 for the integral part and multiplication by 2 for the fractional part.

    Octal System

    • Octal numbers use base 8; they simplify long binary representations.
    • Conversion methods between octal and decimal mirror binary conversions.

    Binary Operations

    • Binary subtraction is analogous to decimal subtraction, involving borrow bits.
    • 1’s complement used for subtraction via addition; 2’s complement represents negative numbers.

    Special Number Representations

    • Binary Coded Decimal (BCD): each decimal digit represented in 4-bit binary.
    • Gray Code: a non-weighted binary code where successive values differ by one bit.

    Error Detection and Correction

    • Error detection involves adding extra bits to form valid and invalid codewords.
    • The Hamming distance measures how many bit positions differ between two codewords.

    Logic Gates

    • Basic building blocks include NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, and XOR gates.
    • Integrated circuits (ICs) feature scaling from small to very large integration.

    Moore's Law

    • States that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years.

    Dennard Scaling

    • As transistors reduce in size, power density remains constant, enhancing speed and reducing costs.

    Binary Logic

    • Utilizes two states (0 and 1), inherently linked to electronics and noise resistance.

    Basic Logic Gates Functions

    • XOR gate: output is 1 if an odd number of inputs are 1.
    • XNOR gate: output is 1 if an even number of inputs are 1.

    Construction of Logic Gates

    • TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) was developed for early computers.
    • Modern ICs predominantly use MOS (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) technology.

    Boolean Algebra

    • Deals with true (1) and false (0) variables to describe logical operations.
    • Fundamental operations include AND, OR, and NOT.
    • Basic Boolean laws include Commutative, Associative, and Distributive laws.

    Function Minimization

    • Allows simplification of Boolean expressions to reduce complexity.

    Minterm and Maxterm

    • Minterm: a product term representing a specific combination of variables yields 1.
    • Maxterm: a sum term representing a combination of variables yields 0.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of digital concepts, including advantages and disadvantages in digital systems. This quiz covers topics like logic states, noise immunity, and quantization error in computers and DSP systems.

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