30 Questions
What is the function of the AR register in a computer system?
Hold the address of the main memory from which data is to be transferred
What does the DR register contain in a computer system?
Data to be written into or read from the addressed word of the main memory
In a stored program computer, where is the address of a word to be read or written put?
MAR
What does the MDR contain before a write operation in a stored program computer?
Word to be written
What role does the IP register play in a computer system?
Maintains the address of the next instruction
Why was the idea of a stored program essential in the development of general-purpose electronic computers?
To separate processing parts from control parts
What is an important property that the intermediate representation should have?
Be easy to produce
How many operands are there per assembly-like instruction in three-address code?
Three
Why do three-address assignment instructions fix the order of operations?
To ensure multiplication follows addition in the source program
What is the purpose of a temporary name in a three-address instruction?
To hold the result computed by the instruction
What is the goal of the code-optimization phase?
To create shorter and more efficient target code
Why is the code-optimization phase desired in compilation?
For shorter code and efficient memory management
What does the control unit in a Von Neumann machine do?
Fetches and interprets instructions in memory for execution
Which unit in a Von Neumann machine transmits data and instructions from the outside world?
Input unit
What is the significance of the leftmost bit in the data format of a Von Neumann machine?
Represents the sign of the number
What was the new machine developed by Von Neumann and his collaborators at IAS Princeton called?
Von Neumann Machine
Which unit in a Von Neumann machine performs arithmetic and logical operations?
Arithmetic-logic unit
In what format are both data and instructions represented in a Von Neumann machine?
Binary form
Which of the following is a characteristic of an NFA with ∈-moves?
It allows transitions without consuming any input symbols.
In an NFA with ∈-moves, what are transitions made without input symbols called?
Epsilon-transitions
Which state in the provided NFA can be reached from 𝑞1 without consuming any input symbol?
𝑞2
What is the purpose of allowing transitions without input symbols in an NFA with ∈-moves?
To simplify the automata.
In the provided finite automata, which state is the starting state?
𝑞0
What is the significance of a transition from state 𝑞1 to 𝑞2 without consuming any input symbols?
It represents a non-deterministic move.
What distinguishes a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) from a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA)?
DFA has exactly one transition from a state on an input symbol, while NFA may have zero, one, or more transitions.
Which type of finite automaton allows for zero, one, or more transitions from a state on an input symbol?
Nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA)
How is the mapping function delta (δ) different in DFAs and NFAs?
In DFAs, δ maps from Q × Σ to Q; in NFAs, it maps from Q ×Σ to 2Q.
What does it mean when it is said that an NFA may have more than one path corresponding to x in Σ*?
It signifies that NFAs can have multiple transitions on the same input symbol from a single state.
Which type of automaton is defined as having exactly one path corresponding to x in Σ*?
DFA
What is the significance of the number of transitions allowed in an automaton?
It influences the ability of the automaton to process input symbols.
Study Notes
Registers in Computer Architecture
- AR (Address Register) holds the address of the main memory from which data is to be transferred.
- DR (Data Register) contains the data to be written into or read from the addressed word of the main memory.
Stored Program Computer
- The idea of a stored program was a major step in the development of general-purpose electronic computers.
- In a stored program computer, the address of a word to be read or written is put into the MAR (Memory Address Register).
- If the operation is a write, the word to be written is first put into the MDR (Memory Data Register).
- The memory is directed to write and transfers the word in the MDR into the address presented by the MAR.
- If the operation is a read, the word read from the location presented in MAR is put into the MDR by control external to the processor.
- Instructions are normally taken from successive locations in memory.
- The IP (Instruction Pointer) maintains the address of the location for the next instruction.
Finite Automata
- A DFA (Deterministic Finite Automata) is a finite automata in which there exists exactly one transition from a state on an input symbol.
- An NFA (Non-deterministic Finite Automata) is a finite automata in which there may exist more than one paths corresponding to x in Σ* (because zero, one, or more transitions are permitted from a state on an input symbol).
- In a DFA, there exists exactly one path corresponding to x in Σ*.
NFA with ∈-move
- An NFA with ∈-moves is a finite automata that permits transitions without input symbols, along with zero, one, or more transitions on the input symbols.
Intermediate Code Generation
- Three-address code is an intermediate form that consists of a sequence of assembly-like instructions with three operands per instruction.
- Each operand can act like a register.
- The output of the intermediate code generator consists of the three-address code sequence.
Code Optimization
- The code-optimization phase attempts to improve the intermediate code to produce better target code.
- The goal of code-optimization is to increase code execution speed and for efficient memory management.
Von Neumann Machine
- The Von Neumann machine consists of five basic units: Input Unit, Memory Unit, Arithmetic-Logic Unit, Control Unit, and Output Unit.
- The Control Unit fetches and interprets the instructions in memory and causes them to be executed.
- Data and instructions are represented in the binary form with a specific format.
Learn about the stored program concept in EDVAC and how it led to the development of the Von Neumann Machine at the Institute for Advanced Studies. Explore the general structure and functioning of the Von Neumann Machine.
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