Education Psychology: Theories and Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a concept that suggests that people have an innate ability to learn and understand the world around them?

  • Developmentally Appropriate Pedagogy
  • Rationalism (correct)
  • Cognitive Stages of Development
  • Empiricism

    • According to the Law of Effect, what is the result of a behavior that is followed by a pleasurable consequence?

  • The behavior is less likely to be repeated
  • The behavior remains unchanged
  • The behavior is extinguished
  • The behavior is more likely to be repeated (correct)

    • What is the term for the smallest unit of analysis in the ecological systems theory, which refers to the immediate environment in which a person lives?

  • Macrosystem
  • Microsystem (correct)
  • Exosystem
  • Mesosystem

    • What is the term for the feeling of being capable and confident in one's abilities?

    <p>Self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation is driven by personal interest, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of outcome expectancy?

    <p>The likelihood of a desired outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation?

    <p>Studying for a test to earn a high grade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between self-regulation and motivation?

    <p>Self-regulation is a precursor to motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding outcome expectancy important in self-regulation?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of achieving a goal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of conditioning involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response?

    <p>Classical Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of attention in cognitive processing?

    <p>To select relevant information from the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the idea that people may deliberately hinder their own performance to avoid taking responsibility for their actions?

    <p>Self-handicapping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which we retrieve information from memory to solve problems or make decisions?

    <p>Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which learning theory focuses on the role of mental processes in learning and behavior?

    <p>Cognitivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of moral development theories?

    <p>Moral judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motivation theory suggests that people have three innate needs in a learning environment: autonomy, competence, or relatedness?

    <p>Self-Determination Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of cognitive development theories?

    <p>How people process and retain information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that people learn new behaviors by observing and imitating others?

    <p>Social Cognitivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the ability to think about things that are not present, also known as object permanence, typically develop?

    <p>Around 6 months of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way infants observe their surroundings during the sensorimotor stage?

    <p>By using their senses of sight, touch, and sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the concrete operational stage?

    <p>The ability to think about concrete objects and events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range of the preoperational stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

    <p>2 to 7 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the sensorimotor stage?

    <p>Use of senses and reflexes to understand the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of adapting and revising a previously understood mental schema according to novel information?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of cognitive development do children typically develop the ability for scientific reasoning and abstract thinking?

    <p>Formal Operational Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of taking in new information and fitting it into previously understood mental schemas?

    <p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many stages of cognitive development are proposed by Piaget's theory?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way children begin to think during the preoperational stage?

    <p>Through the use of symbols and words to represent objects and ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of tailoring instruction to a learner's needs in the Zone of Proximal Development?

    <p>To reach specific learning objectives and goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the teacher or mentor in the scaffolding process?

    <p>To contribute significantly to the student's learning by providing guided support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of applying scaffolding in the learning process?

    <p>Improved student retention and engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of identifying each student's Zone of Proximal Development?

    <p>To provide tailored guidance and support to each student</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of identifying a student's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

    <p>To identify tasks that are at the upper threshold of their development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with the help of a more knowledgeable other?

    <p>The Zone of Proximal Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences an individual's Zone of Proximal Development?

    <p>Their prior knowledge and experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assessing a student's cognitive development level in a classroom setting?

    <p>To identify tasks that are at the upper threshold of their development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an expert in the Zone of Proximal Development?

    <p>To provide guidance and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most advanced level of needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

    <p>Self-Actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of safety needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

    <p>To provide protection and financial stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the family and society in fulfilling safety needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

    <p>To provide protection and security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next level of needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs after physiological needs are met?

    <p>Safety Needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of self-actualization needs?

    <p>Realizing one's full potential as a person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of the level of love and belonging needs?

    <p>The natural instinct of humans to form relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what order should needs be met according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

    <p>Physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of esteem needs?

    <p>Feeling good about oneself and receiving recognition and respect from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome when an infant's needs are met consistently and reliably during the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?

    <p>Sense of trust and safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?

    <p>Exploration and independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome when an adolescent develops their identity through exploration and experimentation during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?

    <p>Clear sense of identity and role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome when a child is criticized and restricted during the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?

    <p>Guilt and self-doubt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?

    <p>Development of skills and competencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome when an adolescent fails to develop their identity during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?

    <p>Role confusion and identity diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of identifying regularities and relationships in experiences, categorizing them, and abstracting essential features?

    <p>Pattern recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of schema is formed from prior knowledge and expectations, influencing perception?

    <p>Top-down schema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the organization and storage of information in memory?

    <p>Knowledge representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the activation of related schemas and concepts?

    <p>Spreading activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a structured representation of knowledge, including default values and expectations?

    <p>Frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the temporary activation of schemas, influencing subsequent perceptions and interpretations?

    <p>Priming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sensory memory?

    <p>Brief storage of sensory information in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much information can be held in working memory?

    <p>Limited to 7 ± 2 chunks of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of long-term memory?

    <p>Permanent storage of information in a more organized form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of accessing stored information from memory?

    <p>Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of encoding is based on the meaning of information?

    <p>Semantic encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing retrieval from memory?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages

    • Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years)
      • Infants observe surroundings using senses (sight, touch, sound)
      • Divided into 6 substages, each representing a different aspect of cognitive development
    • Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years)
      • Children use symbols and words to represent objects and ideas
      • Develop object permanence (around 6 months)
    • Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years)
      • Children develop logical thought and ability to think about concrete objects and events
      • Can use familiar means to obtain ends and experiment with environment
    • Formal Operational Stage (Adolescence to Adulthood)
      • Children develop scientific reasoning and ability to think abstractly about concepts and ideas

    Assimilation and Accommodation

    • Assimilation: fitting new information into previously understood mental schemas
    • Accommodation: adapting and revising mental schemas according to novel information

    Scaffolding

    • Learning tool that helps students advance levels in the Zone of Proximal Development
    • Involves breaking down tasks into smaller, manageable steps and guiding the student through the learning process
    • Increases student engagement, improves retention, enhances critical thinking skills, and fosters collaborative learning environment

    Constructivist Learning Theory: Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding

    • Emphasizes the role of social interaction in the learning process
    • Zone of Proximal Development: the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with the help of a more knowledgeable other
    • Scaffolding: a learning tool that helps students advance levels in the Zone of Proximal Development

    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    • Physiological Needs: basic needs essential for human survival (food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep)
    • Safety Needs: needs related to feeling safe and secure in one's life and environment
    • Love and Belonging Needs: social needs involving the need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance
    • Esteem Needs: needs related to self-esteem, recognition, and respect from others
    • Self-Actualization Needs: the need to fulfill one's full potential as a person

    Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory

    • Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)
      • Infants develop a sense of trust when their needs are met consistently and reliably
      • Mistrust develops when needs are not met, leading to feelings of anxiety and insecurity

    Schema Theory - Cognitivism

    • Schema Formation:
      • Schemas are mental frameworks that organize and structure knowledge
      • Formed through experiences, learning, and social interactions
    • Knowledge Representation:
      • Semantic networks: interconnected nodes representing concepts and relationships
      • Propositional networks: networks of interconnected propositions (statements)
      • Frames: structured representations of knowledge, including default values and expectations

    Information-Processing Model

    • Sensory Memory:
      • Brief storage of sensory information in the brain (less than 1 second)
      • Capacity: large, but duration is short
      • Information is stored in a raw, unprocessed form
    • Working Memory:
      • Temporary holding and manipulation of information (up to 30 seconds)
      • Capacity: limited (7 ± 2 chunks of information)
      • Information is held in a volatile, active state
    • Long-Term Memory:
      • Permanent storage of information (unlimited duration)
      • Capacity: virtually unlimited
      • Information is stored in a more permanent, organized form
    • Retrieval:
      • Process of accessing stored information from memory
      • Types: recall (retrieving information from memory without cues) and recognition (identifying information with the help of cues)
    • Encoding:
      • Process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory
      • Types: acoustic encoding (sound-based), visual encoding (image-based), and semantic encoding (meaning-based)

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    Final Exam - Glossary Terms and Key Concepts of Learning Theories

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