63 Questions
Which of the following is a concept that suggests that people have an innate ability to learn and understand the world around them?
Rationalism
According to the Law of Effect, what is the result of a behavior that is followed by a pleasurable consequence?
The behavior is more likely to be repeated
What is the term for the smallest unit of analysis in the ecological systems theory, which refers to the immediate environment in which a person lives?
Microsystem
What is the term for the feeling of being capable and confident in one's abilities?
Self-esteem
What is the primary difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation is driven by personal interest, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards.
What is the primary focus of outcome expectancy?
The likelihood of a desired outcome
Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation?
Studying for a test to earn a high grade
What is the relationship between self-regulation and motivation?
Self-regulation is a precursor to motivation
Why is understanding outcome expectancy important in self-regulation?
It increases the likelihood of achieving a goal
Which type of conditioning involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response?
Classical Conditioning
What is the primary function of attention in cognitive processing?
To select relevant information from the environment
What is the term for the idea that people may deliberately hinder their own performance to avoid taking responsibility for their actions?
Self-handicapping
What is the process by which we retrieve information from memory to solve problems or make decisions?
Retrieval
Which learning theory focuses on the role of mental processes in learning and behavior?
Cognitivism
What is the primary concern of moral development theories?
Moral judgment
Which motivation theory suggests that people have three innate needs in a learning environment: autonomy, competence, or relatedness?
Self-Determination Theory
What is the main focus of cognitive development theories?
How people process and retain information
Which theory suggests that people learn new behaviors by observing and imitating others?
Social Cognitivism
At what age does the ability to think about things that are not present, also known as object permanence, typically develop?
Around 6 months of age
What is the primary way infants observe their surroundings during the sensorimotor stage?
By using their senses of sight, touch, and sound
What is the primary characteristic of the concrete operational stage?
The ability to think about concrete objects and events
What is the age range of the preoperational stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
2 to 7 years
What is the primary characteristic of the sensorimotor stage?
Use of senses and reflexes to understand the environment
What is the process of adapting and revising a previously understood mental schema according to novel information?
Accommodation
At what stage of cognitive development do children typically develop the ability for scientific reasoning and abstract thinking?
Formal Operational Stage
What is the term for the process of taking in new information and fitting it into previously understood mental schemas?
Assimilation
How many stages of cognitive development are proposed by Piaget's theory?
4
What is the primary way children begin to think during the preoperational stage?
Through the use of symbols and words to represent objects and ideas
What is the primary purpose of tailoring instruction to a learner's needs in the Zone of Proximal Development?
To reach specific learning objectives and goals
What is the role of the teacher or mentor in the scaffolding process?
To contribute significantly to the student's learning by providing guided support
What is the outcome of applying scaffolding in the learning process?
Improved student retention and engagement
What is the primary benefit of identifying each student's Zone of Proximal Development?
To provide tailored guidance and support to each student
What is the primary purpose of identifying a student's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
To identify tasks that are at the upper threshold of their development
What is the key difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with the help of a more knowledgeable other?
The Zone of Proximal Development
What is the primary factor that influences an individual's Zone of Proximal Development?
Their prior knowledge and experience
What is the purpose of assessing a student's cognitive development level in a classroom setting?
To identify tasks that are at the upper threshold of their development
What is the role of an expert in the Zone of Proximal Development?
To provide guidance and support
What is the most advanced level of needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Self-Actualization
What is the primary function of safety needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
To provide protection and financial stability
What is the role of the family and society in fulfilling safety needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
To provide protection and security
What is the next level of needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs after physiological needs are met?
Safety Needs
What is the primary focus of self-actualization needs?
Realizing one's full potential as a person
What is the primary driver of the level of love and belonging needs?
The natural instinct of humans to form relationships
In what order should needs be met according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization needs
What is the primary focus of esteem needs?
Feeling good about oneself and receiving recognition and respect from others
What is the primary outcome when an infant's needs are met consistently and reliably during the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?
Sense of trust and safety
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?
Exploration and independence
What is the primary outcome when an adolescent develops their identity through exploration and experimentation during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
Clear sense of identity and role
What is the primary outcome when a child is criticized and restricted during the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?
Guilt and self-doubt
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
Development of skills and competencies
What is the primary outcome when an adolescent fails to develop their identity during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
Role confusion and identity diffusion
What is the process of identifying regularities and relationships in experiences, categorizing them, and abstracting essential features?
Pattern recognition
What type of schema is formed from prior knowledge and expectations, influencing perception?
Top-down schema
What is the term for the organization and storage of information in memory?
Knowledge representation
What is the term for the activation of related schemas and concepts?
Spreading activation
What is the term for a structured representation of knowledge, including default values and expectations?
Frame
What is the term for the temporary activation of schemas, influencing subsequent perceptions and interpretations?
Priming
What is the primary function of sensory memory?
Brief storage of sensory information in the brain
How much information can be held in working memory?
Limited to 7 ± 2 chunks of information
What is the primary characteristic of long-term memory?
Permanent storage of information in a more organized form
What is the process of accessing stored information from memory?
Retrieval
What type of encoding is based on the meaning of information?
Semantic encoding
What is the primary factor influencing retrieval from memory?
All of the above
Study Notes
Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years)
- Infants observe surroundings using senses (sight, touch, sound)
- Divided into 6 substages, each representing a different aspect of cognitive development
- Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years)
- Children use symbols and words to represent objects and ideas
- Develop object permanence (around 6 months)
- Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years)
- Children develop logical thought and ability to think about concrete objects and events
- Can use familiar means to obtain ends and experiment with environment
- Formal Operational Stage (Adolescence to Adulthood)
- Children develop scientific reasoning and ability to think abstractly about concepts and ideas
Assimilation and Accommodation
- Assimilation: fitting new information into previously understood mental schemas
- Accommodation: adapting and revising mental schemas according to novel information
Scaffolding
- Learning tool that helps students advance levels in the Zone of Proximal Development
- Involves breaking down tasks into smaller, manageable steps and guiding the student through the learning process
- Increases student engagement, improves retention, enhances critical thinking skills, and fosters collaborative learning environment
Constructivist Learning Theory: Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding
- Emphasizes the role of social interaction in the learning process
- Zone of Proximal Development: the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with the help of a more knowledgeable other
- Scaffolding: a learning tool that helps students advance levels in the Zone of Proximal Development
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological Needs: basic needs essential for human survival (food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep)
- Safety Needs: needs related to feeling safe and secure in one's life and environment
- Love and Belonging Needs: social needs involving the need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance
- Esteem Needs: needs related to self-esteem, recognition, and respect from others
- Self-Actualization Needs: the need to fulfill one's full potential as a person
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory
- Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)
- Infants develop a sense of trust when their needs are met consistently and reliably
- Mistrust develops when needs are not met, leading to feelings of anxiety and insecurity
Schema Theory - Cognitivism
- Schema Formation:
- Schemas are mental frameworks that organize and structure knowledge
- Formed through experiences, learning, and social interactions
- Knowledge Representation:
- Semantic networks: interconnected nodes representing concepts and relationships
- Propositional networks: networks of interconnected propositions (statements)
- Frames: structured representations of knowledge, including default values and expectations
Information-Processing Model
- Sensory Memory:
- Brief storage of sensory information in the brain (less than 1 second)
- Capacity: large, but duration is short
- Information is stored in a raw, unprocessed form
- Working Memory:
- Temporary holding and manipulation of information (up to 30 seconds)
- Capacity: limited (7 ± 2 chunks of information)
- Information is held in a volatile, active state
- Long-Term Memory:
- Permanent storage of information (unlimited duration)
- Capacity: virtually unlimited
- Information is stored in a more permanent, organized form
- Retrieval:
- Process of accessing stored information from memory
- Types: recall (retrieving information from memory without cues) and recognition (identifying information with the help of cues)
- Encoding:
- Process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory
- Types: acoustic encoding (sound-based), visual encoding (image-based), and semantic encoding (meaning-based)
Final Exam - Glossary Terms and Key Concepts of Learning Theories
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