Philosophy of Education and Humanism

Humanism and Education

• Erasmus Desiderius is recognized as the Father of Humanism, emphasizing social aspects of human existence.
• William H. Kilpatrick introduced the Project Method, focusing on practical learning experiences.

Philosophical Perspectives in Education

• Idealism: Rooted in Plato; emphasizes spiritual values and moral reasoning through Socratic methods.
• Realism: Established by Aristotle; concentrates on the natural world, suggesting that values are absolute and rooted in reality.
• Empiricism: Championed by John Locke; posits that knowledge comes from sensory experiences.
• Pragmatism: John Dewey's philosophy focuses on practical problem-solving and the idea that knowledge is based on what works.
• Existentialism: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel emphasized the subjective nature of knowledge, where existence precedes essence.
• Philosophical Analysis: George Edward Moore's approach asserts that reality is verifiable, aligning truth with reality.
• Essentialism: William Bagley advocated that certain knowledge and skills are essential for rational individuals.
• Perennialism: Robert Hutchins believed in education that endures through time, focusing on universally valid knowledge.
• Progressivism: John Dewey's theory prioritizes child-centered learning and development based on interests.
• Reconstructionalism: Theodore Brameld proposed that education should facilitate social change and rebuild the social order.
• Behaviorism: John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner's theory suggests that learning is observed through changes in behavior (Stimulus-Response).
• Structuralism: Wilhelm Wundt's approach analyzes complex mental experiences and their components.
• Functionalism: William James, along with others like John Dewey, stressed the importance of motivation and cognition in learning.
• Purposivism: Hormi's perspective highlights the significance of individual goals in the learning process.

Key Educational Theories

• Naturalism: Views nature as superior and believes only the natural world exists.
• Existentialism: Posits knowledge as subjective, arguing that individuals define their existence through choices.
• Essentialism: Stresses mastery of core subjects like reading and writing for all students.
• Progressivism: Centers around child development and interests, reshaping curricula to fit evolving needs.

Freud's Psychosexual Development

• Stages include:
  • Oral: Focus on thumb-sucking and biting.
  • Anal: Involves toilet training and control over bodily functions.
  • Phallic: Sexual interest and genital stimulation, introduces Oedipus and Electra complexes.
  • Latency: Sexual urges are repressed.
  • Genital: Adult sexual interests emerge.

Freud's Personality Dynamics

• Life Instinct (Eros): Drives sex, nurturance, and social affiliations.
• Death Instinct (Thanatos): Represents aggression towards self and others.

Erickson's Psychosocial Development

• Emphasizes crises throughout life stages that promote personal development and integrity.
• Key concepts include:
  • Syntonic: Positive disposition in crisis.
  • Dystonic: Negative disposition in crisis and maladaptation.
  • Generativity: Concern for future generations.

Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Development

• Pre-Conventional: Obedience and punishment orientation, individualism.
• Conventional: Emphasizes interpersonal relationships and maintenance of social order.
• Post-Conventional: Focuses on social contracts and universal principles.

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

• Microsystem: Immediate environment like family and friends.
• Mesosystem: Interconnections between different contexts.
• Exosystem: Wider social systems affecting the individual indirectly.
• Macrosystem: Broad societal influences.

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

• Asserts that learning occurs through observation and modeling within social contexts.

Four Pillars of Learning

• Learning to Know: Focuses on gaining knowledge and skills for lifelong learning.
• Learning to Do: Develops vocational and social skills essential for professional practice.

Statistical Concepts

• Median: Reliable measure of central tendency when extreme scores are present.
• Standard Deviation: Indicates how spread out scores are from the mean; low SD indicates homogeneity.
• Variance: The square of the standard deviation.

Educational and Cultural References

• Queen Elizabeth: Known as the Virgin Queen, notable historical figure.
• Helen of Troy: Mythological figure inspiring a thousand ships.
• Experimental Theater: Rolando Tinio; a form emphasizing innovation in performance.

Miscellaneous Concepts

• Blood Compact: Historic agreement between Legaspi and Datu Sikatuna.
• Hinduism: Considered the oldest organized religion in Asia.
• Folk Lore: Represents pre-Hispanic philosophy and cultural narratives.

Notable Figures

• Sergio Osmeña: Speaker of the Philippine Assembly.
• Manuel L. Quezon: Speaker of the Philippine Commission.
• Nathaniel Hawthorne: Author of "The Scarlet Letter."

Conclusion Points

• Each philosophical and educational theory contributes to understanding human development and learning.
• Historical references highlight significant cultural and political contexts impacting education and society.

Explore the key philosophers and their contributions to educational philosophy, including major ideas from humanism, idealism, realism, and more. This quiz covers important figures such as Erasmus and John Dewey, along with different educational theories. Test your knowledge of the foundational concepts that shape modern education.