Educ 103 Midterm Exam: Inclusive Education in the Philippines

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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of classical conditioning according to Ivan Pavlov?

Unconditioned stimulus results in a conditioned response (correct)

Neutral stimulus evokes a conditioned response

Positive and negative reinforcement are used as stimuli

Token economy is the fundamental stimulus

In operant conditioning, what is the key concept introduced by Burrhus Frederic Skinner?

Unconditioned stimulus resulting in an unconditioned response

Neutral stimulus leading to a conditioned response

Token economy as a form of positive reinforcement (correct)

Equal opportunities for all learners

What is the primary principle behind inclusivity in education?

Excluding children who cannot take care of themselves

Providing education only to individuals with similar abilities

Offering equal opportunities and treatment to all learners (correct)

Discriminating against learners based on their backgrounds

Which organization promotes inclusive and equitable education for all?

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Signup and view all the answers

According to legal bases of inclusive education, what is defined as a child?

Anyone under the age of 18 or individuals above that who cannot take care of themselves Signup and view all the answers

What does the Convention on the Rights of the Child aim to outline?

Rights of children, including their right to education Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following is a key principle of inclusive education?

Students with special needs are included in regular classrooms Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the multi-year roadmap required by RA 11650?

To outline current policy, practices, gaps, and challenges in educating learners with disabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a Special Needs Education Teacher according to the passage?

To teach in an inclusive classroom with both general and special needs students Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge to the implementation of special education in the Philippines according to the passage?

Lack of funds and resources Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what is the first stage of development?

Sensorimotor (birth – 2 years) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key focus of the Sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Understanding object permanence Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of development does Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory emphasize?

Cognitive development Signup and view all the answers

According to Erik Erikson, what conflict arises during Middle Childhood (3 - 5 years)?

Initiative vs. Guilt Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development focuses on generativity?

Mature Adulthood/Middle Age Signup and view all the answers

In which developmental stage does the Concrete Operational phase fall according to Piaget's theory?

Late Childhood (6 - 11 years) Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist is associated with the concept of Social Learning Theory involving observation, imitation, and modeling?

Albert Bandura Signup and view all the answers

Which law specifically addresses the rights and welfare of children in conflict with the law?

RA 9344 Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act Signup and view all the answers

What concept is central to Jean Lave's Situated Learning Theory?

Scaffolding Signup and view all the answers

Which law specifically addresses the protection and welfare of children, including child labor, exploitation, and abuse?

PD 603 The Child and Youth Welfare Code Signup and view all the answers

Which law aims to remove barriers to education and ensure equal opportunities for persons with disabilities?

RA 7277 Rehabilitation, and Integration of Disabled Persons in Mainstream Society Signup and view all the answers

Which law recognizes the rights of indigenous people, including their right to education?

RA 8371 Indigenous People's Rights Act Signup and view all the answers

Which law aims to reach out to learners who have difficulty accessing traditional schooling due to various reasons, such as geographical location or personal circumstances?

RA 10665 Open High School System Act Signup and view all the answers

Which law amended the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons to provide reasonable accommodations and support services for persons with disabilities in educational activities?

RA 9442 Magna Carta for Disabled Persons Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the personality disorder associated with the anal stage of psychosexual development?

Anal-retentive personality disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is the highest level of human motivation?

Transcendence Signup and view all the answers

During which psychosexual stage is the Oedipus complex observed in males?

Phallic stage Signup and view all the answers

Which of Havighurst's developmental tasks is associated with the period of early adulthood (19-30 years)?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the personality disorder associated with the anal stage of psychosexual development, where the individual is too messy and clumsy?

Anal-expulsive personality disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is focused on the individual's desire for achievement, competence, and recognition from others?

Esteem needs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Development

Middle Age: 30-60 years
Later Maturity: 60+ years

Classical and Operant Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
- Unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response
- Neutral stimulus elicits no response
- After conditioning, a conditioned stimulus will elicit a conditioned response
Burrhus Frederic Skinner: Operant Conditioning
- Token economy
- Positive and negative reinforcement, punishment

Philosophical Bases of Inclusive Education

Inclusivity: providing education to all individuals, regardless of differences or abilities
Equality: equal opportunities and treatment for all learners, irrespective of their backgrounds

Convention on the Rights of the Child
- Outlines the rights of children, including their right to education
- Non-discrimination, providing the best interests of children, right of children to be heard
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
- Promotes inclusive and equitable education for all
- Educational policies and programs that address the needs of diverse learners
EFA (Education For All)
- Advocates the elimination of barriers to education and the provision of inclusive learning environments
K to 12 Inclusion Policy
- Policies and initiatives aimed at integrating learners with special needs into the K to 12 education system

Legal Bases of Inclusive Education

A child is someone under the age of 18, or those above that cannot take care of themselves
RA 11650: Instituting a Policy of Inclusion and Services for Learners with Disabilities in Support of Inclusive Education Act
- Requires the crafting of a multi-year roadmap to guide government agencies and private stakeholders
- The law provides that the multi-year roadmap should contain the current policy, practices, gaps, and challenges affecting the early and basic education of learners with disabilities

Psychological Bases of Inclusive Education

Jean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor (birth – 2 years): object permanence
- Pre-Operational (2 – 7 years): language, symbolic thought
- Concrete Operational (7 – 12 years): logic
- Formal Operational (12 + years): abstract and hypothetical thought
Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory
- Observation à imitation à modeling
- Attention à retention à reproduction à motivation
Lev Vygotsky: Sociocultural Theory
- ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development)
- MKO (More Knowledgeable Other)
- Scaffolding
- Reciprocal teaching
Jean Lave: Situated Learning Theory
- Importance of experience and practice
Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages of Development
- Infancy (birth – 18 months): trust vs. mistrust; “I am what I am given.”
- Early Childhood (18 months – 3 years): autonomy vs. doubt and shame
- Middle Childhood (3 – 5 years): initiative vs. guilt
- Late Childhood (6 – 11 years): industry vs. inferiority
- Adolescence (12 – 18 years): identity vs. role confusion
- Early Adulthood (18 – 40 years): intimacy vs. isolation
- Mature Adulthood/Middle Age (40 – 65 years): generativity vs. stagnation
- Old Age (65 years – death): integrity vs. despair
Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual Stages of Development
- Oral (birth – 1 year): mouth; feeding, sucking, and biting
- Anal (1 – 3 years): elimination of body wastes; toilet training
- Phallic (3 – 6 years): genitals; showing, examination, and fondling
- Latency (7 – 12 years): repressed sexual urges because of going to school
- Genital (12 – adulthood): stimulation and use of genitals; satisfaction in sexual relationships
Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs
- Transcendence
- Self-actualization
- Aesthetic needs
- Cognitive needs
- Esteem needs
- Belonging needs
- Safety needs
- Physiological needs
Robert Havighurst: Developmental Task Theory
- Infancy and Early Childhood (birth – 6 years)
- Later Childhood (6 – 13 years)
- Adolescence (13 – 18 years)
- Early Adulthood (19 – 30 years)

Laws and Policies in the Philippines

The 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article 14 Section 1 and 2
- Legal framework for education in the Philippines
- Establishes the government’s responsibility to ensure accessible and quality education for all citizens
RA 10533: Enhanced Basic Education Act
- ALS (Alternate Learning System)
- Learners with special needs
- Standards for educational programs and services to cater to diverse learners
- K to 12 implementations
RA 8371: Indigenous People’s Rights Act
- Recognizes the rights of indigenous people, including education
PD 603: The Child and Youth Welfare Code
- Protection and welfare of children
- Addresses child labor, exploitation, abuse
- A safe and nurturing environment for children to grow
RA 7610: Special Protection Against Child Abuse and Exploitation
- Protects children from abuse and exploitation
RA 9344: Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act
- Rights and welfare of children in conflict of the law
- Rehabilitation and reintegration of juvenile offenders into society
- 15 years old – no criminal liability
RA 10665: Open High School System Act
- Aims to reach out to learners who have difficulty accessing traditional schooling due to various reasons, including geographical location or personal circumstances
RA 7277: Rehabilitation, and Integration of Disabled Persons in Mainstream Society or “The Magna Carta for Disabled Persons”
- Importance of removing barriers to education and ensuring equal opportunities for persons with disabilities
RA 9442: Magna Carta for Disabled Persons (amended RA 7277)
- Provision of reasonable accommodations and support services to enable persons with disabilities to fully participate in educational activities
- 20% discount, ramps, fine for discriminating towards disabled people

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Test your knowledge on Inclusive Education and Special Needs Education in the context of the Philippines. Explore topics such as the right to education, challenges in implementation, and the role of Special Needs Education Teachers.