Ecosystems of Planet Earth

Ecosystems of Planet Earth

What is an Ecosystem?

• A community of living and non-living things interacting with each other in a specific environment
• Includes plants, animals, microorganisms, soil, water, air, and sunlight

Types of Ecosystems

1. Terrestrial Ecosystems
   • Forests
   • Grasslands
   • Deserts
   • Tundras
2. Freshwater Ecosystems
   • Rivers
   • Lakes
   • Wetlands
3. Marine Ecosystems
   • Coral reefs
   • Estuaries
   • Open ocean
4. Artificial Ecosystems
   • Agricultural ecosystems
   • Urban ecosystems

Components of an Ecosystem

1. Biotic Factors
   • Producers (plants, algae, phytoplankton)
   • Consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores)
   • Decomposers (bacteria, fungi)
2. Abiotic Factors
   • Light
   • Temperature
   • Water
   • Soil
   • Atmosphere

Ecosystem Services

1. Supporting Services
   • Nutrient cycling
   • Soil formation
   • Oxygen production
2. Provisioning Services
   • Food
   • Water
   • Medicine
3. Regulating Services
   • Climate regulation
   • Pest control
   • Natural hazard regulation
4. Cultural Services
   • Recreation
   • Tourism
   • Spiritual values

Ecosystems of Planet Earth

What is an Ecosystem?

• A community of living and non-living things interacting with each other in a specific environment
• Includes plants, animals, microorganisms, soil, water, air, and sunlight

Types of Ecosystems

• Terrestrial Ecosystems: Forests, Grasslands, Deserts, Tundras
• Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers, Lakes, Wetlands
• Marine Ecosystems: Coral reefs, Estuaries, Open ocean
• Artificial Ecosystems: Agricultural ecosystems, Urban ecosystems

Components of an Ecosystem

Biotic Factors

• Producers: plants, algae, phytoplankton
• Consumers: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
• Decomposers: bacteria, fungi

Abiotic Factors

• Light
• Temperature
• Water
• Soil
• Atmosphere

Ecosystem Services

Supporting Services

• Nutrient cycling
• Soil formation
• Oxygen production

Provisioning Services

• Food
• Water
• Medicine

Regulating Services

• Climate regulation
• Pest control
• Natural hazard regulation

Cultural Services

• Recreation
• Tourism
• Spiritual values

Structures and Forces

Beam Design

• Beams resist loads perpendicular to their longitudinal axis and can be horizontal or sloping.
• Simply supported beams are supported at both ends, while cantilever beams are fixed at one end and free at the other.
• Overhanging beams extend beyond their support at one or both ends.
• Beam design involves selecting the appropriate material, shape, and size to resist various types of loads.

Forces

Tension

• Tension is a force that stretches or pulls a material apart, causing it to increase in length and reduce in cross-sectional area.
• External forces, such as pulling or stretching, and internal forces, such as thermal expansion, can cause tension.
• Tension can cause material failure, such as fracture or yielding.

Compression

• Compression is a force that squeezes or presses a material together, causing it to decrease in length and increase in cross-sectional area.
• External forces, such as pushing or squeezing, and internal forces, such as thermal contraction, can cause compression.
• Compression can cause material failure, such as buckling or crushing.

Torsion

• Torsion is a twisting force that causes an object to rotate around its longitudinal axis, resulting in deformation and stress concentrations.
• External forces, such as torque or twisting moment, and internal forces, such as uneven heating or cooling, can cause torsion.
• Torsion can cause material failure, such as cracking or fracture.

Bending

• Bending is a force that causes an object to deform by bending or curving, resulting in curvature and deformation.
• External forces, such as transverse loads or point loads, and internal forces, such as residual stresses, can cause bending.
• Bending can cause material failure, such as cracking or fracture.