Ecosystems in Biology

जीव विज्ञान (Biology)

Ecosystem

• Definition: A community of living and non-living components interacting with each other in a specific environment
• Components:
  • Biotic factors: living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms)
  • Abiotic factors: non-living components (light, temperature, water, soil)
• Types of ecosystems:
  • Terrestrial ecosystems (forests, grasslands, deserts)
  • Aquatic ecosystems (freshwater, marine, wetlands)
  • Artificial ecosystems (agroecosystems, urban ecosystems)

Cell Biology

• Definition: The study of the structure, function, and behavior of cells
• Cell structure:
  • Plasma membrane: outermost layer of the cell
  • Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell
  • Nucleus: control center of the cell
  • Organelles: specialized structures within the cell (mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.)
• Cell functions:
  • Metabolism: chemical reactions within the cell
  • Photosynthesis: process of converting light energy into chemical energy
  • Cell division: process of cell growth and reproduction

Evolution

• Definition: The change in the characteristics of a species over time
• Mechanisms of evolution:
  • Natural selection: process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
  • Genetic drift: random change in the frequency of a gene or genetic trait in a population
  • Mutation: change in the DNA sequence of an organism
• Evidence for evolution:
  • Fossil record: layering of fossils in rock formations
  • Comparative anatomy: similarities and differences in body structure among species
  • Molecular biology: similarities and differences in DNA and protein sequences among species

Botany

• Definition: The study of plants, including their structure, growth, evolution, and taxonomy
• Plant structure:
  • Roots: underground organs that absorb water and nutrients
  • Stems: above-ground organs that support the plant
  • Leaves: organs that carry out photosynthesis
  • Flowers: reproductive organs of the plant
• Plant functions:
  • Photosynthesis: process of converting light energy into chemical energy
  • Transpiration: process of water transport through the plant
  • Respiration: process of breaking down glucose to produce energy

Genetics

• Definition: The study of heredity and variation in organisms
• Key concepts:
  • Genes: units of heredity that carry information from one generation to the next
  • Traits: characteristics of an organism that are determined by genes
  • Inheritance: passing of genes from one generation to the next
• Genetic principles:
  • Mendel's laws: laws of inheritance that describe how genes are passed from one generation to the next
  • DNA structure: double helix model of DNA
  • Gene expression: process of converting genetic information into a functional product

Ecosystem

• An ecosystem is a community of living and non-living components interacting with each other in a specific environment.
• Biotic factors in an ecosystem include living organisms such as plants, animals, and microorganisms.
• Abiotic factors in an ecosystem include non-living components such as light, temperature, water, and soil.
• There are three main types of ecosystems: terrestrial, aquatic, and artificial.
• Terrestrial ecosystems include forests, grasslands, and deserts.
• Aquatic ecosystems include freshwater, marine, and wetlands.
• Artificial ecosystems include agroecosystems and urban ecosystems.

Cell Biology

• Cell biology is the study of the structure, function, and behavior of cells.
• The plasma membrane is the outermost layer of the cell.
• Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell.
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
• Organelles are specialized structures within the cell, including mitochondria and ribosomes.
• Cells perform various functions, including metabolism, photosynthesis, and cell division.
• Metabolism involves chemical reactions within the cell.
• Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy into chemical energy.
• Cell division is the process of cell growth and reproduction.

Evolution

• Evolution is the change in the characteristics of a species over time.
• Natural selection is the process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
• Genetic drift is a random change in the frequency of a gene or genetic trait in a population.
• Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
• The fossil record, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology provide evidence for evolution.
• The fossil record shows the layering of fossils in rock formations.
• Comparative anatomy reveals similarities and differences in body structure among species.
• Molecular biology reveals similarities and differences in DNA and protein sequences among species.

Botany

• Botany is the study of plants, including their structure, growth, evolution, and taxonomy.
• Plant structure includes roots, stems, leaves, and flowers.
• Roots are underground organs that absorb water and nutrients.
• Stems are above-ground organs that support the plant.
• Leaves are organs that carry out photosynthesis.
• Flowers are the reproductive organs of the plant.
• Plant functions include photosynthesis, transpiration, and respiration.
• Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy into chemical energy.
• Transpiration is the process of water transport through the plant.
• Respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to produce energy.

Genetics

• Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in organisms.
• Genes are units of heredity that carry information from one generation to the next.
• Traits are characteristics of an organism that are determined by genes.
• Inheritance is the passing of genes from one generation to the next.
• Mendel's laws describe how genes are passed from one generation to the next.
• The DNA structure is a double helix model.
• Gene expression is the process of converting genetic information into a functional product.