Profcor 9 - Midterm Lesson 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the main objective of the Environmental Impact Statement System in the Philippines?

  • To attain and maintain a balance between socio-economic growth and environmental protection (correct)
  • To prioritize socio-economic development over environmental protection
  • To promote the destruction of environmentally critical areas
  • To prioritize environmental protection over socio-economic development

    • What is the term used to describe the hypothesis that greater species diversity leads to greater ecosystem stability?

  • Species-diversity theory
  • Diversity-stability hypothesis (correct)
  • Ecosystem stability principle
  • Ecological balance concept

    • What is the purpose of understanding ecological concepts in real estate?

  • To ignore environmental concerns in development projects
  • To know important details for design concepts (correct)
  • To prioritize profit over environmental protection
  • To focus solely on environmental protection

    • What is the year in which the Environmental Impact Statement System was enacted and implemented in the Philippines?

    <p>1978</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of areas are considered environmentally critical areas (ECAs)?

    <p>Wetlands, flood-prone areas, and abandoned landfills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do ecosystems with high biodiversity tend to be more stable?

    <p>Because they have more species that provide redundancy and resilience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of protecting environmentally critical areas (ECAs)?

    <p>To preserve natural habitats and ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Presidential Decree that established the Environmental Impact Statement System in the Philippines?

    <p>PD 1586</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ECA regulations?

    <p>To ensure protection of water quality, wildlife, and human life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the EMB under the DENR?

    <p>To ensure establishments' compliance with environmental laws in environmentally-critical areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an environmentally-critical area under the DENR Administrative Order?

    <p>An area with significant environmental impacts from proposed projects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Sen. Villanueva suggest declaring Boracay as an environmentally-critical area?

    <p>To ensure establishments comply with environmental laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the issue with hotel constructions in Boracay, according to Sen. Villanueva?

    <p>They did not secure an ECC from the bureau</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criterion for determining environmentally-critical areas, according to Sen. Villanueva?

    <p>The nature of the ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ECCs, according to the DENR?

    <p>To ensure compliance with environmental laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Boracay considered an environmentally-critical area, according to the given definition?

    <p>Due to the fragile ecosystem of the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinctive physical characteristic of the Negritos?

    <p>Short stature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Negritos migrate to the Philippines around 30,000 years ago?

    <p>By land bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of Negritos in the Philippines?

    <p>15,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the Indonesian migrants arrive in the Philippines?

    <p>5,000 years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a characteristic of the Indonesian migrants' lifestyle?

    <p>They used fire to cook their food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a characteristic of the Indonesian migrants' art?

    <p>They painted their bodies with colorful figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated time period when the Malay people arrived in the Philippines?

    <p>3000 B.C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the Indonesian minority tribes in the Philippines today?

    <p>They live in interior parts of the country</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do Philippine IPs primarily inhabit?

    <p>The interiors and mountains of Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Samar, and the Palawan Sulu group of islands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a human settlement, according to the UN Habitat Conference?

    <p>A place where man lives in community and involves transformation of the natural environment into a man-made environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a human settlement?

    <p>To satisfy the needs of people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four primary elements of a settlement?

    <p>Natural Environment, People, Man-made structures, and Organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a settlement that results from human adaptation and use?

    <p>Shape and Pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of settlement emerges around nodes or core settlements, resulting in agglomeration?

    <p>Organic Settlement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of ecological principles in real estate development?

    <p>Environmentally Responsive Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of Green Development?

    <p>To minimize the impact of development on the natural environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    About how many years ago did Malay people from the Asian mainland or Indonesia arrive in the Philippines?

    <p>2300 years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was introduced by the Malay people to the Philippines?

    <p>Formal farming and building techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is believed to be the occupation of the first Malays?

    <p>Seafaring, tool-wielding, and farming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thought to have established the dominant indigenous groups in the Philippines?

    <p>The second wave of Malay migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous People?

    <p>Groups of people identified by self-ascription and ascription by others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is common among Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous People?

    <p>They have continuously lived as organized communities on communally bounded and defined territories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous People?

    <p>They have historically differentiated themselves from the majority of Filipinos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the Malay people's prosperity in the Philippines come to an end?

    <p>When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ecosystems with high biodiversity tend to be less stable than those with few species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Environmental Impact Statement System in the Philippines was enacted and implemented in 1980.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wetlands are not considered environmentally critical areas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of the Environmental Impact Statement System is to prioritize socio-economic development over environmental protection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diversity-stability hypothesis states that ecosystems with low biodiversity are more stable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The application of ecological principles in real estate development is not important for the environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steep slopes are not considered environmentally critical areas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ecosystems with high biodiversity tend to recover more slowly from negative events.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term Environmentally Critical Project (ECP) is defined under Presidential Proclamation 2147 (1981).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Real estate is a living component of an ecosystem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of interactions among real estate elements is called Real Estate Economy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social theory studies the demographics of a place.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A municipality is an administrative local area composed of a clearly defined territory and commonly referred to as a city.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A planned community is one that grew up naturally without a plan.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of ecology and theory of evolution originate from life history and population.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Java Man is an early human fossil discovered in 1892 on the island of Java.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fossil of Homo erectus is estimated to be around 700,000 to 1,000,000 years old.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The indigenous peoples of the Philippines, known as Negritos, have dark skin and straight brown hair.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dawnmen, or the first migrants to the Philippines, knew how to farm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ancestors of the majority of the population of the Philippines were of Malay descent.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Negritos are believed to have migrated to the Philippines around 40,000 years ago.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peking Man and Java Man were types of Homo sapiens that existed around 250,000 years ago.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Negritos were the first inhabitants of the Philippines, but they were not the first migrants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Negritos are believed to have migrated to the Philippines by water around 30,000 years ago.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Indonesian migrants arrived in the Philippines around 40,000 years ago.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Indonesian migrants to the Philippines lived in nomadic tribes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Malay people arrived in the Philippines around 5000 years ago.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Indonesian minority tribes in the Philippines are found only in Luzon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Negritos are comprised of only 10 ethnolinguistic groups.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Indonesian migrants to the Philippines were skilled farmers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Malays introduced the concept of small farming to the Philippines.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Negritos are primarily found in the lowlands of the Philippines.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Philippine IPs inhabit mainly the coastal areas of Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, and Palawan.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A human settlement is a group of people living in a particular place, composed of natural elements only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary purpose of a human settlement is for recreation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elements of a settlement include only natural environment and people.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organic settlements emerge from planning and deliberate design.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The application of ecological principles in real estate development is known as Green Development.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Green Development prioritizes financial rewards over environmental concerns.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The goal of Green Development is to maximize profits regardless of environmental impact.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Philippine IPs inhabit the interiors and mountains of Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Samar, and the Palawan ______ group of islands

    <p>Sulu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human settlements are composed of ______ man-made elements which interact in complex ways within their population dynamics

    <p>natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Any group of people living in a particular place composed of ______ physical and organizational elements as well as main purpose is the satisfaction of the needs of people

    <p>man-made</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary purpose of a ______ is the satisfaction of the needs of people

    <p>settlement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The four primary elements of a ______ are Natural Environment, People, Man-made structures, and Organizations / Institutions

    <p>settlement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The shape and pattern of a settlement resulting from human adaptation and use is a characteristic of ______ settlements

    <p>human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An ______ settlement is a settlement where accretion occurs around nodes or core settlements resulting in agglomeration

    <p>organic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The application of ecological principles in real estate development is known as ______ development

    <p>Environmentally Responsive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The goal of ______ development is to minimize the negative impacts of the built environment on the surroundings natural environment and larger community

    <p>Green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ economy is the highest level of economic development in the evolution of settlements

    <p>Global</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following geographical locations with the respective groups of people inhabiting them:

    <p>Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Samar, and the Palawan Sulu group of islands = Philippine IPs Mountainous regions = Indonesian migrants Coastal areas = Malay people Urban centers = Settlers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following definitions with the respective descriptions of human settlements:

    <p>A place where man lives in community = UN Habitat Conference An ecosystem composed of natural and man-made elements = UN Environmental Programme Any group of people living in a particular place = General definition A form of habitation with special purpose = Specific definition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following purposes with the respective characteristics of settlements:

    <p>Extraction = Survival of the fittest Processing = Competition and succession Consumption = Human ecological processes Exchange = Invasion and succession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following elements with the respective components of a settlement:

    <p>Natural Environment = Land and resources People = Human population Man-made structures = Buildings and infrastructure Organizations / Institutions = Governance and social structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of settlements with the respective characteristics:

    <p>Organic = Accretion occurs around nodes or core settlement resulting in agglomeration Planned = Established by royal decree or religious leader Rural = Scattered and dispersed population Urban = High population density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages with the respective forms of economy:

    <p>Collectional Economy = Early human societies Nomadic Economy/Existence = Mobile and temporary settlements Settled / Village Economy = Agricultural communities Town / City Economy = Urban centers and trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ecological concepts with the respective applications in real estate:

    <p>Environmentally Responsive Development = Principles for real estate development Financial Reward = Motivator for environmentally friendly practices Green Development = Ecological thinking in real estate Ecosystem Services = Natural benefits in urban planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the respective types of economy:

    <p>High population density = Metropolitan Economy Global connectivity = Global Economy Agricultural communities = Settled / Village Economy Mobile and temporary settlements = Nomadic Economy/Existence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following definitions with the respective descriptions of Green Development:

    <p>Has impacts on the built environment on the surroundings natural environment = Environmental impact Is the application of ecological thinking to the business of creating places = Definition Involves environmentally responsive development = Practice Prioritizes financial reward over environmental protection = Misconception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages with the respective forms of human settlements:

    <p>Collectional Economy = Early human societies Nomadic Economy/Existence = Mobile and temporary settlements Settled / Village Economy = Agricultural communities Metropolitan Economy = Urban centers and global connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ecosystems with High Biodiversity

    • Ecosystems with high biodiversity are more stable than those with few species
    • They recover from negative events more quickly
    • Greater species diversity (alpha diversity) leads to greater ecosystem stability, known as the "diversity-stability hypothesis"
    • An ecosystem with a greater number of species is more likely to withstand a disturbance than an ecosystem of the same size with a lower number of species

    Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System

    • In the Philippines, the Environmental Impact Statement System was established under Presidential Decree 1586 in 1978
    • The main objective of this law is to maintain a balance between the environment and socio-economic development of the country
    • The purpose of the EIS system is to attain and maintain a rational and orderly balance between socio-economic growth and environmental protection

    Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs)

    • ECAs include wetlands, flood-prone areas, abandoned landfills, fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas, and steep slopes and other geologic hazard areas
    • ECAs are protected to ensure water quality, groundwater recharge, stream flow, slope stability, wildlife and fisheries habitat, and human life and property
    • The DENR-EMB is tasked with ensuring establishments' compliance with environmental laws in ECAs

    Boracay as an Environmentally-Critical Area

    • Senator Joel Villanueva suggested declaring Boracay as an environmentally-critical area to protect its ecosystem
    • The DENR-EMB's guidelines and issuance of environmental compliance certificates (ECCs) would be affected by this declaration
    • The categorization of ECAs should be based on the nature of the ecosystem, not just the activity undertaken in those areas

    Indigenous People (IPs)

    • IPs are groups of people or homogeneous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by others
    • They have continuously lived as an organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, possessing and utilizing such territories
    • IPs are composed of 110 tribes and have a geographical distribution in the Philippines
    • They inhabit the interiors and mountains of Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Samar, and the Palawan Sulu group of islands

    Human Settlements

    • Definition: An ecosystem composed of natural and man-made elements that interact in complex ways within their population dynamics, environmental dimensions, and spatial constraints and alternatives
    • A group of people living in a particular place, involving transformation of the natural environment into a man-made environment
    • Purpose of settlements: extraction, processing, consumption, exchange
    • Elements of settlements: natural environment, people, man-made structures, organizations/institutions

    Ecological Concept Application in Real Estate

    • Environmentally Responsive Development is an application of ecology principles for real estate development
    • Financial reward is an important motivator for doing the right thing
    • Green Development has impacts on the built environment on the surroundings natural environment and larger community
    • It is the application of ecological thinking to the business of creating places for people to live and work

    Ecosystems with High Biodiversity

    • Ecosystems with high biodiversity are more stable than those with few species.
    • They recover from negative events more quickly.
    • Greater species diversity (alpha diversity) leads to greater ecosystem stability, known as the "diversity-stability hypothesis".

    Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System

    • The Philippines has an Environmental Impact Statement System under Presidential Decree 1586, ratified on June 11, 1978.
    • The main objective of this law is to maintain a balance between the environment and socio-economic development.
    • The purpose is to attain and maintain a rational and orderly balance between socio-economic growth and environmental protection.

    Environmentally Critical Areas

    • Environmentally critical areas (ECAs) include wetlands, flood-prone areas, abandoned landfills, fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas, and steep slopes and other geologic hazard areas.
    • These areas need protection to prevent significant negative environmental impacts.

    Real Estate Ecology

    • Real Estate Ecology is the study of interactions among real estate elements, including inhabitants, buildings, and communities.
    • It deals with the effects of Real Estate Developments on ecological processes.
    • Environmental considerations are essential elements in the real estate industry, and environmental protection can be good for the economy.

    Important Theory in Real Estate Ecology

    • Social Theory: the social and cultural patterns that result from relationships between people and resources.
    • Understanding the demographics of a place and the target market is crucial in real estate.

    Local Communities

    • In ecology, a community is an assemblage of populations of different species interacting with one another.
    • Communities can be local, such as neighborhoods, municipalities, or planned communities.
    • Understanding the characteristics of these communities is essential in real estate ecology.

    Inhabitants and their Environment

    • The Philippines' early setting was inhabited by Java Man, an early human fossil discovered in 1891.
    • The ancestors of the vast majority of the population were of Malay descent and came from the Southeast Asian mainland.
    • The first migrants to the Philippines were the "Dawnmen" or "cavemen" who lived in caves and did not have knowledge of agriculture.

    First Inhabitants of the Philippines

    • The Negritos, an indigenous people with a hunter-gatherer background, are the oldest civilization in the country, dating back over 40,000 years.
    • They are an Australo-Melanesian people with dark skin and tight, curly brown hair, and are distinctively small and of short stature.

    Indonesian Migrants

    • The Indonesian migrants arrived in the Philippines around 5,000 years ago and came by sea from South Asia.
    • They were more advanced than the Negritos and lived in permanent homes, using fire to cook their food, and engaged in hunting, fishing, and small farming.

    Human Settlements

    • A human settlement is an ecosystem composed of natural and man-made elements that interact in complex ways.
    • The purpose of a settlement is extraction, processing, consumption, and exchange.
    • Settlements have characteristics such as shape and pattern, resulting from human adaptation and use.

    Evolution of Settlements

    • The evolution of settlements has progressed from a collectional economy to a global economy, with stages including nomadic economy, settled/village economy, town/city economy, and metropolitan economy.
    • Ecological concepts are applied in real estate development to create environmentally responsive and sustainable developments.

    Green Development

    • Green development is the application of ecological thinking to the business of creating places for people to live and work.
    • It has impacts on the built environment and the surrounding natural environment and larger community.

    Ecosystems with High Biodiversity

    • Ecosystems with high biodiversity are more stable than those with few species.
    • They recover from negative events more quickly.
    • The "diversity-stability hypothesis" states that greater species diversity leads to greater ecosystem stability.

    Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System

    • In the Philippines, the Environmental Impact Statement System was established by Presidential Decree 1586 in 1978.
    • The main objective of the law is to maintain a balance between the environment and socio-economic development.

    Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs)

    • ECAs include wetlands, flood-prone areas, abandoned landfills, fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas, and steep slopes and geologic hazard areas.
    • Protecting ECAs ensures the protection of water quality, groundwater recharge, stream flow, slope stability, wildlife and fisheries habitat, and natural stormwater storage/filter systems.

    Real Estate Ecology

    • Real Estate Ecology is the study of interactions among real estate elements.
    • It covers the study of inhabitants, buildings, and community.
    • It deals with the effects of real estate developments on ecological processes.

    Important Theories in Real Estate

    • Social Theory: the social and cultural patterns that result from relationships between people and resources.
    • Understanding demographics and target markets.

    Local Communities

    • In ecology, a community is an assemblage of populations of different species, interacting with one another.
    • A municipality is an administrative local area, commonly referred to as a "town" or "village".
    • A neighborhood is a geographically localized community, often within a larger city or suburb.

    Ecological Concept

    • The conceptualization of ecology and the theory of evolution originate from life history, natural selection, population, adaptation, inheritance, and development.

    Inhabitants and Their Environment

    • The Philippines' early setting included the discovery of Java Man in 1891 and 1892.
    • Brief history of Indigenous Peoples (IPs) includes the arrival of Malay people from the Asian mainland or Indonesia around 2300 years ago.

    Human Settlements

    • Definition: an ecosystem composed of natural and man-made elements that interact in complex ways.
    • Purpose of settlements: extraction, processing, consumption, and exchange.
    • Elements of settlements: natural environment, people, man-made structures, and organizations/institutions.

    Characteristics of Settlements

    • Shape and pattern resulting from human adaptation and use.
    • Survival of the fittest, with human ecological processes seen in invasion, competition, and succession.

    Types of Settlements

    • Organic settlements: accretion occurs around nodes or core settlements, resulting in agglomeration.
    • Planned settlements: existing alongside organic towns/cities established by royal decree or religious leader as a center of government or administration.

    Evolution of Settlements

    • Collectional Economy.
    • Nomadic Economy/Existence.
    • Settled/Village Economy.
    • Town/City Economy.
    • Metropolitan Economy.
    • Global Economy.

    Ecological Concept in Real Estate

    • Environmentally Responsive Development: application of ecology principles for real estate development.
    • Financial rewards are an important motivator for doing the right thing.

    Green Development

    • Has impacts on the built environment and the surroundings' natural environment and larger community.
    • Application of ecological thinking to the business of creating places for people to live and work.

    Ecosystems with High Biodiversity

    • Ecosystems with high biodiversity are more stable than those with few species.
    • They recover from negative events more quickly.
    • Greater species diversity (alpha diversity) leads to greater ecosystem stability, known as the "diversity-stability hypothesis."
    • An ecosystem with a greater number of species is more likely to withstand a disturbance than an ecosystem of the same size with a lower number of species.

    Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System

    • The Philippines has an Environmental Impact Statement System under Presidential Decree 1586, ratified on June 11, 1978.
    • The main objective of this law is to maintain a balance between the environment and socio-economic development of the country.
    • The purpose of the law is to attain and maintain a rational and orderly balance between socio-economic growth and environmental protection.

    Environmental Critical Areas

    • Environmentally critical areas (ECAs) include wetlands, flood-prone areas, abandoned landfills, fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas, and steep slopes and other geologic hazard areas.
    • The protection of ECAs ensures the protection of water quality, groundwater recharge, stream flow, slope stability, wildlife and fisheries habitat, natural stormwater storage/filter systems, human life, and property.

    Real Estate Ecology

    • Real Estate Ecology is the study of interactions among real estate elements, including inhabitants, buildings, and community.
    • It deals with the effects of Real Estate Developments on ecological processes.

    Important Theories in Real Estate Ecology

    • Social Theory: the social and cultural patterns that result from relationships between people and resources.
    • Understanding the demographics of a place is crucial in real estate.
    • Real estate involves understanding the target market.

    Local Communities

    • In ecology, a community is an assemblage of populations of different species, interacting with one another.
    • A municipality is an administrative local area, generally composed of a clearly defined territory and commonly referred to as a "town" or "village".
    • A neighborhood is a geographically localized community, often within a larger city or suburb.
    • A planned community is one that was designed from scratch and grew up more or less following a plan.

    Ecological Concept

    • The conceptualization of ecology and the theory of evolution originate from life history, natural selection, population, adaptation, inheritance, and developments.

    Inhabitants and Their Environment

    • The Philippines' early setting includes the Java Man, an early human fossil discovered in 1891 and 1892 on the island of Java.
    • The Negritos, comprised of approximately twenty-five widely scattered ethnolinguistic groups totaling an estimated 15,000 people, are believed to have migrated by land bridges some 30,000 years ago.

    Human Settlements

    • A human settlement is an ecosystem composed of natural and man-made elements that interact in complex ways within their population dynamics, environmental dimensions, and spatial constraints and alternatives.
    • The purpose of settlements includes extraction, processing, consumption, and exchange.

    Elements of Settlements

    • Natural Environment
    • People
    • Man-made structures
    • Organizations/Institutions

    Characteristics of Settlements

    • Shape and pattern resulting from human adaptation and use
    • Survival of the fittest, with human ecological processes seen in invasion, competition, succession.

    Types of Settlements

    • Organic: settlements where accretion occurs around nodes or core settlements, resulting in agglomeration
    • Planned: settlements existing alongside organic towns/cities established by royal decree or religious leader as a center of government or administration.

    Evolution of Settlements

    • Collectional Economy
    • Nomadic Economy/Existence
    • Settled/Village Economy
    • Town/City Economy
    • Metropolitan Economy
    • Global Economy

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