Ecosystem Energy Flow and Biogeochemical Cycles
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Questions and Answers

Where is energy stored?

ATP

Where is energy lost in a food chain?

Between each level of organism through things such as eating, which takes up energy. 10% is lost every level

How is energy released from ATP?

When the third phosphate group breaks off, creating ADP

True or false: Energy can be created or destroyed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of energy for life on Earth?

<p>The sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rule of 10% in ecology?

<p>Only 10% of energy is transferred from one organism to another, the other 90% is lost in the transaction through heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key processes in the water cycle?

<p>Evaporation, precipitation, percolation and run off</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the carbon cycle?

<p>The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps of the carbon cycle?

<ol> <li>Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide from respiration and combustion</li> <li>CO2 absorbed by producers</li> <li>Primary consumers eat producers</li> <li>Dead consumers and producers decompose in the ground, carbon is returned to the atmosphere</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main steps in the nitrogen cycle?

<p>nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a food web, what is a primary consumer?

<p>An organism that eats producers (plants).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different trophic levels in an ecosystem?

<p>Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main stages of photosynthesis called?

<p>Light reactions and the Calvin cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?

<p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

<p>The stroma of the chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are thylakoids?

<p>saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a granum?

<p>the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stroma?

<p>fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the following reaction, identify the reactants and products: CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2

<p>Reactants: CO2 + H2O | Products: C6H12O6 + O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction involving RuBisCo and G3P, identify the reactant and product.

<p>Reactant: RuBisCo | Product: G3P</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'anaerobic' mean?

<p>Without oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glycolysis?

<p>The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pyruvate?

<p>The end product of glycolysis, the first step in cellular respiration, and stands in the junction between anaerobic and aerobic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Fermentation that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is alcohol fermentation?

<p>Alcoholic fermentation is a biotechnological process accomplished by yeast, some kinds of bacteria, or a few other microorganisms to convert sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mitochondria in the cell?

<p>Carry out some of the reactions of respiration to release energy that the cell can use</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Where is energy stored?

Adenosine Triphosphate; the main energy currency of the cell.

Where is energy lost?

Energy is lost as heat between trophic levels, often around 90% at each transfer.

How is energy released?

Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, forming ADP.

Conservation of energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.

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The main source of energy

The sun provides the initial energy input for most ecosystems on Earth.

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Rule of 10%

Only 10% of energy is transferred; 90% is lost as heat during transfer between organisms.

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Water cycle

Water cycle involves evaporation, precipitation, percolation, and runoff.

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Carbon cycle

The carbon cycle is the movement of carbon from the atmosphere to organisms and back.

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Steps of Carbon Cycle

Carbon enters via respiration/combustion, is absorbed by producers, consumed, and returned via decomposition.

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Steps of Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification.

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Primary consumer

An organism that eats producers (plants or algae).

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Trophic levels

Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer

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Light and dark reactions

Light reactions convert light to chemical energy; Calvin cycle fixes CO2 into sugar.

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Where does photosynthesis take place?

Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, specifically in the thylakoid membranes.

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Where does the calvin cycle take place?

The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.

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What are thylakoids?

Sac-like photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts where the light reactions occur.

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What is Grana?

Stacks of thylakoids within the chloroplast.

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What is Stroma?

The fluid-filled space surrounding the grana inside chloroplasts.

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Reactants and products of CO2 + H2O = C6H12O6 + O2

Reactants are CO2 and H2O; products are C6H12O6 and O2.

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Reactants and products of ATP and ADP

ATP is reactant, ADP is product (when ATP releases energy).

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Reactants and products of reactions RuBisCo and G3P

RuBisCo is reactant (an enzyme); G3P is product (a sugar precursor).

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Reactants and products of the reactions NADPH and NADP+?

NADP+ is the reactant, accepting electrons to become NADPH, which is the product.

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What is anaerobic?

Without oxygen

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what is aerobic?

With oxygen

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What is glycolysis?

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

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What is glucose?

A simple sugar.

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What is pyruvate?

The end product of glycolysis.

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What is the Krebs Cycle?

A series of chemical reactions that extract energy from pyruvate, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

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What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?

An anaerobic process where pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid.

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Alcohol Fermentation

An anaerobic process where sugars are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

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Study Notes

  • Energy is stored in ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
  • Energy is lost between each level of organisms, approximately 10% at each level, largely through processes like eating.

Energy Release

  • Energy is released from ATP when the third phosphate group is broken off, forming ADP (adenosine diphosphate).

Conservation of Energy

  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Main Energy Source

  • The sun serves as the primary source of energy for most ecosystems.

Rule of 10%

  • Only 10% of the energy is transferred from one organism to the next trophic level; the other 90% is lost, mainly as heat.

Water Cycle

  • Key processes include evaporation, precipitation, percolation, and runoff.

Carbon Cycle

  • The carbon cycle is the circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again.

Steps of the Carbon Cycle

  • Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide through respiration and combustion.
  • Producers absorb CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
  • Primary consumers eat the producers, incorporating carbon into their bodies.
  • Decomposers break down dead consumers and producers, returning carbon to the atmosphere and soil.

Steps of the Nitrogen Cycle

  • Key processes include nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification.

Trophic Levels

  • The main trophic levels are producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers.

Photosynthesis Reactions

  • The light reactions are called photosynthesis reactions
  • The dark reactions are called The Calvin Cycle

Photosynthesis Location

  • Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
  • Chloroplasts use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.

Calvin Cycle Location

  • The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts.

Thylakoids

  • These are sac-like photosynthetic membranes located inside chloroplasts.

Grana

  • Grana are stacks of thylakoids within the chloroplast.

Stroma

  • The stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids inside the chloroplast.

Reaction: CO2 + H2O = C6H12O6 + O2

  • Reactants: CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water)
  • Products: C6H12O6 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen)

Reaction: ATP and ADP

  • Reactant: ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
  • Product: ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

Reaction: RuBisCo and G3P

  • Reactant: RuBisCo (an enzyme involved in carbon fixation)
  • Product: G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

Reaction: NADPH and NADP+

  • Reactant: NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
  • Product: NADPH, the reduced form of NADP+ that acts as a reducing agent

Anaerobic

  • Anaerobic means without oxygen.

Aerobic

  • Aerobic means with oxygen.

Glycolysis

  • Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, which releases energy and pyruvic acid.

Glucose

  • Glucose is a type of sugar.

Pyruvate

  • Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis.
  • It is the starting compound for the next stage of cellular respiration.

Krebs Cycle

  • The Krebs cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration.
  • Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide through energy-extracting reactions.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

  • Lactic acid fermentation converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid.

Alcohol Fermentation

  • Sugars are converted into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide by yeast and bacteria.

Mitochondria Role

  • Mitochondria carry out reactions of respiration that release energy for the cell to use.

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Learn about energy storage in ATP, energy loss between trophic levels, and the vital role of the sun. Explore the water and carbon cycles, including evaporation, precipitation, respiration, and combustion.

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