Economic Reforms in Pakistan (1971-1977)

The process of transferring ownership of companies from private individuals to the government.

The first phase of nationalization in Pakistan focused on key industries like iron and steel, heavy engineering, and petrochemicals.

The second phase of nationalization in Pakistan expanded to include industries related to food production and processing, like cotton, sugar, and oil.

Nationalization in Pakistan was intended to increase government control and promote economic equality. However, it had unintended negative consequences.

The nationalization of industries in Pakistan led to a decline in efficiency, corruption, and an increase in inflation due to inefficient management and bureaucratic control.

The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan established a parliamentary system of government with a prime minister as head of the government.

The 1973 Constitution aimed to transition Pakistan to a parliamentary democracy and to establish a more secular system of government.

The 1973 Constitution was adopted by the National Assembly and approved by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, then acting as president.

The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan codified the country's official name as the "Islamic Republic of Pakistan" and declared Islam as the state religion.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan by the National Assembly following the adoption of the 1973 Constitution.

General Zia-ul-Haq imposed Martial Law in Pakistan in 1977, leading to the removal of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from office and the establishment of a military government.

The implementation of Shari'a Law, also known as Nizam-e-Mustafa, was a central objective of General Zia-ul-Haq's rule, aiming to implement Islamic principles in law and society.

The Federal Shari'a Court was established during Zia-ul-Haq's rule to interpret and implement Islamic law.

Zia-ul-Haq's government introduced the concept of 'Nizam-e-Zakat' and 'Nizam-e-Ushr' as economic policies based on Islamic principles.

The Objectives Resolution, a document outlining Islamic values, was incorporated into the Constitution, making it legally enforceable during Zia-ul-Haq's rule.

Zia-ul-Haq's regime introduced Islamic penalties for crimes such as drinking alcohol, theft, adultery, and false accusation.

The Soviet Union's military defeat in Afghanistan significantly weakened its communist regime, contributing to its disintegration in 1991.

Pakistan's support for Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan War improved its international image, but also led to challenges like illegal weapons influx, drug trafficking, and economic strain due to Afghan refugees.

The 8th Constitutional Amendment of Pakistan in 1985 legalized all changes made by General Zia-ul-Haq during his rule, including Islamization policies, and granted the president the power to dissolve parliament.

Muhammad Khan Junejo, appointed Prime Minister in 1985, initially appeared to follow Zia's policies, but later began asserting the authority of the civilian government.

After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, a power struggle erupted among Afghan warlords, destabilizing the region and making Pakistan's western border insecure.

The Afghan Jihad resulted in the spread of illegal weapons and drugs within Pakistan.

The influx of Afghan refugees into Pakistan during the Afghan Jihad significantly increased unemployment.

The Afghan Jihad created a climate of instability and insecurity which contribute to increased terrorist activities and crime in Pakistan.

President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, using his constitutional power, dismissed Benazir Bhutto's government in 1990, citing corruption, inefficiency, and poor management. He dissolved the National Assembly, ending her 20-month term as Prime Minister.

The Islami Jamhoori Ittihad (IJI) led by Nawaz Sharif won the 1990 elections, securing 105 seats in the National Assembly. The Pakistan Peoples Party, led by Benazir Bhutto, won only 46 seats.

Nawaz Sharif, as Prime Minister, prioritized economic liberalization and privatization. He believed that nationalization had harmed the economy and aimed to reverse this trend.

The government established a Privatization Commission tasked with selling off state-owned industries and financial institutions, including banks. This marked a shift towards private ownership in the Pakistani economy.

To address unemployment and public transport shortages, Nawaz Sharif introduced the "Yellow Cab Scheme." This aimed to improve transportation through private taxi services, providing jobs and easier access to transportation.

Nawaz Sharif believed in infrastructure as a key to economic growth. He initiated the construction of high-quality motorways, starting with the 367 km long Islamabad-Lahore Motorway.

Agricultural reforms were introduced during Nawaz Sharif's tenure to improve the position of Pakistani farmers. This focused on modernizing farming techniques and possibly improving crop yields.

To provide financial support to those in need, the government established Bait-ul-Mal in 1992. This institution aimed to distribute resources and assistance to the less fortunate.

A policy aimed at transferring power and responsibilities from the central government to local levels.

The lowest level of local government in Pakistan, responsible for basic services and community issues.

The second level of local government in Pakistan, responsible for coordinating administration and development at the district level.

The elected head of the Union Council, responsible for managing local affairs.

Part of the Union Council, responsible for providing representation to women.

The elected head of the District Council, responsible for overarching administration and development.

An elected official responsible for overseeing the Tehsil level, mediating between the Union Councils and the District Council.

The senior administrative officer of a district, responsible for coordination and implementation.

Benazir Bhutto's second government was dismissed by President Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Laghari on November 5, 1996 due to a severe economic crisis, widespread unrest, and a successful sit-in protest by Jamat-e-Islami. This dismissal was based on Article 58-2-B of the constitution, which grants the president the power to dissolve the National Assembly under certain conditions.

The 'Qarz Utaro Mulk Sanwaro' (Retire Debt to Adore the Country) scheme was launched by Nawaz Sharif to encourage public contributions towards reducing the country's mounting debts. Despite public enthusiasm, the scheme couldn't achieve its intended goals due to management issues.

The 13th Amendment, passed in April 1997, significantly reduced the president's powers by stripping them of the authority to dissolve the National Assembly and provincial assemblies. It also revoked the president's independent power to appoint Chiefs of the Armed Forces, requiring consultation with the prime minister.

The 14th Amendment, passed during Nawaz Sharif's second term, aimed to strengthen the parliamentary system in Pakistan.