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Questions and Answers
What is one economic effect of climate change related to extreme weather events?
What is one economic effect of climate change related to extreme weather events?
How does climate change affect coastal areas and the ecosystems within them?
How does climate change affect coastal areas and the ecosystems within them?
What impact does increasing sea temperatures have on hurricane development?
What impact does increasing sea temperatures have on hurricane development?
What is a social impact of climate change in relation to population displacement?
What is a social impact of climate change in relation to population displacement?
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What is a consequence of increased global temperatures on biodiversity?
What is a consequence of increased global temperatures on biodiversity?
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How does climate change affect agricultural productivity?
How does climate change affect agricultural productivity?
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What does the melting of glaciers and ice sheets contribute to?
What does the melting of glaciers and ice sheets contribute to?
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What contributes to coral bleaching in marine environments?
What contributes to coral bleaching in marine environments?
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What role do fossil fuels play in global warming?
What role do fossil fuels play in global warming?
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What social challenges may arise from climate change?
What social challenges may arise from climate change?
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How does deforestation impact greenhouse gas levels?
How does deforestation impact greenhouse gas levels?
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What is a primary source of methane emissions related to agriculture?
What is a primary source of methane emissions related to agriculture?
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What could be a consequence of increased global temperatures for polar bears in Hudson Bay?
What could be a consequence of increased global temperatures for polar bears in Hudson Bay?
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What effect does population growth have on climate change?
What effect does population growth have on climate change?
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How are precipitation levels expected to change due to climate change?
How are precipitation levels expected to change due to climate change?
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What is a possible economic impact of climate change on coastal areas?
What is a possible economic impact of climate change on coastal areas?
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What is the primary cause of the enhanced greenhouse effect?
What is the primary cause of the enhanced greenhouse effect?
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How do tree rings provide evidence for climate change?
How do tree rings provide evidence for climate change?
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What significant climatic period is depicted in Abraham Hondius's painting?
What significant climatic period is depicted in Abraham Hondius's painting?
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What do ice cores tell scientists about climate change?
What do ice cores tell scientists about climate change?
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What are the potential social impacts of climate change?
What are the potential social impacts of climate change?
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Which of the following is NOT an expected economic impact of climate change?
Which of the following is NOT an expected economic impact of climate change?
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How does climate change influence the frequency of hurricanes?
How does climate change influence the frequency of hurricanes?
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Which of the following best describes fossil fuels?
Which of the following best describes fossil fuels?
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What is the primary process that contributes to the warming of the Earth due to human activities?
What is the primary process that contributes to the warming of the Earth due to human activities?
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Which method provides long-term climatic information by analyzing layers of ice?
Which method provides long-term climatic information by analyzing layers of ice?
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What can be concluded about tree rings in relation to past climate conditions?
What can be concluded about tree rings in relation to past climate conditions?
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Which of the following fossil fuels is NOT primarily derived from decomposed organic matter?
Which of the following fossil fuels is NOT primarily derived from decomposed organic matter?
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Which statement accurately reflects the greenhouse effect?
Which statement accurately reflects the greenhouse effect?
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What does the term 'global warming' specifically refer to?
What does the term 'global warming' specifically refer to?
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Which source of evidence for climate change provides the longest historical climate data?
Which source of evidence for climate change provides the longest historical climate data?
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What major climate phenomenon is depicted in Abraham Hondius' painting?
What major climate phenomenon is depicted in Abraham Hondius' painting?
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What type of scientific evidence is represented by the analysis of layered sediments in lakes?
What type of scientific evidence is represented by the analysis of layered sediments in lakes?
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Which human activities are primarily responsible for increasing the greenhouse effect?
Which human activities are primarily responsible for increasing the greenhouse effect?
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What is a potential benefit for farmers in higher altitude locations due to climate change?
What is a potential benefit for farmers in higher altitude locations due to climate change?
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What is the impact of rising sea levels on polar bear communities?
What is the impact of rising sea levels on polar bear communities?
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How does climate change affect the distribution of species?
How does climate change affect the distribution of species?
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What primary factor is causing hurricanes to become stronger?
What primary factor is causing hurricanes to become stronger?
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What happens to coral when seawater temperatures increase significantly?
What happens to coral when seawater temperatures increase significantly?
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What economic effect is associated with increased extreme weather events?
What economic effect is associated with increased extreme weather events?
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Which phenomenon leads to coastal erosion as a result of climate change?
Which phenomenon leads to coastal erosion as a result of climate change?
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How will the distribution of habitats change due to climate change?
How will the distribution of habitats change due to climate change?
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What is a primary consequence of melting glaciers?
What is a primary consequence of melting glaciers?
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What is the primary reason polar bears come onto shore lighter than before?
What is the primary reason polar bears come onto shore lighter than before?
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Which of the following best explains the contribution of deforestation to climate change?
Which of the following best explains the contribution of deforestation to climate change?
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What is a direct consequence of increased population growth on agriculture?
What is a direct consequence of increased population growth on agriculture?
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How does greenhouse gas emission contribute to global warming?
How does greenhouse gas emission contribute to global warming?
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Which greenhouse gas is primarily produced by cattle during digestion?
Which greenhouse gas is primarily produced by cattle during digestion?
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What social issue may arise from increased flooding in coastal areas due to climate change?
What social issue may arise from increased flooding in coastal areas due to climate change?
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Which factor contributes to the increase of methane emissions from agriculture?
Which factor contributes to the increase of methane emissions from agriculture?
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What is a significant consequence of changes in temperature and rainfall patterns?
What is a significant consequence of changes in temperature and rainfall patterns?
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What does population growth primarily lead to in terms of agricultural impact?
What does population growth primarily lead to in terms of agricultural impact?
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What effect does climate change generally have on water availability in certain areas?
What effect does climate change generally have on water availability in certain areas?
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What is the primary purpose of the command word 'Explain' in an exam?
What is the primary purpose of the command word 'Explain' in an exam?
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Which of the following best describes the long answer question structure?
Which of the following best describes the long answer question structure?
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What is a key characteristic of the command word 'Suggest'?
What is a key characteristic of the command word 'Suggest'?
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When responding to 'To what extent' questions, what is essential to include?
When responding to 'To what extent' questions, what is essential to include?
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How should you link points when making an argument?
How should you link points when making an argument?
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Which of the following is NOT a method suggested for revision?
Which of the following is NOT a method suggested for revision?
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What does the 'Outline' command word typically require from a student?
What does the 'Outline' command word typically require from a student?
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In a long answer response, what should follow the phrase 'This leads to'?
In a long answer response, what should follow the phrase 'This leads to'?
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What is the final step in the suggested long answer structure?
What is the final step in the suggested long answer structure?
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Which command word asks for a clear naming or characterization?
Which command word asks for a clear naming or characterization?
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What is the primary purpose of the phrase 'To what extent' in long answer questions?
What is the primary purpose of the phrase 'To what extent' in long answer questions?
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Which of the following statements aligns with the expected structure of a long answer question?
Which of the following statements aligns with the expected structure of a long answer question?
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What is an important aspect to include when answering 'To what extent' questions?
What is an important aspect to include when answering 'To what extent' questions?
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What type of information is primarily conveyed through connectives in essay writing?
What type of information is primarily conveyed through connectives in essay writing?
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What is the main advantage of using revision techniques like flashcards and mind maps?
What is the main advantage of using revision techniques like flashcards and mind maps?
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What is the primary cause of the enhanced greenhouse effect?
What is the primary cause of the enhanced greenhouse effect?
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How do ice cores help scientists study past climates?
How do ice cores help scientists study past climates?
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What does global warming specifically refer to?
What does global warming specifically refer to?
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Which method provides reliable short-term data on climate change?
Which method provides reliable short-term data on climate change?
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What is a characteristic of tree rings that indicates climatic conditions?
What is a characteristic of tree rings that indicates climatic conditions?
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Which fossil fuel is primarily derived from decomposing organic matter?
Which fossil fuel is primarily derived from decomposing organic matter?
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What primarily contributes to the warming of the Earth due to human activities?
What primarily contributes to the warming of the Earth due to human activities?
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Which historical painting depicted effects of a cooler climatic period?
Which historical painting depicted effects of a cooler climatic period?
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What is a potential economic challenge related to climate change for some countries?
What is a potential economic challenge related to climate change for some countries?
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How does increasing sea temperatures influence hurricane activity?
How does increasing sea temperatures influence hurricane activity?
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What is a likely impact of sea level rise on low lying coastal areas?
What is a likely impact of sea level rise on low lying coastal areas?
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What is a consequence of ice sheets and glaciers melting?
What is a consequence of ice sheets and glaciers melting?
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What effect do increasing temperatures have on coral reefs?
What effect do increasing temperatures have on coral reefs?
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Which of the following describes a shift in species distribution due to climate change?
Which of the following describes a shift in species distribution due to climate change?
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What is one of the effects of increased storm events due to climate change?
What is one of the effects of increased storm events due to climate change?
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How might higher altitude farmers benefit from climate change?
How might higher altitude farmers benefit from climate change?
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What impact does climate change have on habitats and ecosystems?
What impact does climate change have on habitats and ecosystems?
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What is a misleading statement regarding climate change effects on agriculture?
What is a misleading statement regarding climate change effects on agriculture?
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What impact does the earlier melting of ice in Hudson Bay have on polar bears?
What impact does the earlier melting of ice in Hudson Bay have on polar bears?
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How does deforestation contribute to climate change?
How does deforestation contribute to climate change?
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Which factor is primarily responsible for increased methane emissions from agriculture?
Which factor is primarily responsible for increased methane emissions from agriculture?
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What is one potential social consequence of climate change for people living in coastal areas?
What is one potential social consequence of climate change for people living in coastal areas?
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What is the significance of the carbon-storage function of trees in relation to climate change?
What is the significance of the carbon-storage function of trees in relation to climate change?
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How does global population growth primarily contribute to climate change?
How does global population growth primarily contribute to climate change?
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What role do fossil fuels play in the enhancement of the greenhouse effect?
What role do fossil fuels play in the enhancement of the greenhouse effect?
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What is one expected outcome for certain regions due to changes in precipitation levels caused by climate change?
What is one expected outcome for certain regions due to changes in precipitation levels caused by climate change?
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Which of the following best explains the primary concern regarding rising sea levels?
Which of the following best explains the primary concern regarding rising sea levels?
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What impact does an increase in greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide have on global temperatures?
What impact does an increase in greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide have on global temperatures?
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Study Notes
Economic Effects
- More money will be spent on forecasting and preventing flooding due to extreme weather
- Some countries may need to allocate a greater proportion of their GDP to support communities after extreme weather events
- Farmers in higher altitudes may benefit from rising temperatures, while lower altitude farmers may experience lower crop yields
Environmental Effects
- Increasing temperatures are causing ice sheets and glaciers to melt, releasing water back into the oceans and causing sea levels to rise.
- Melting sea ice in the Arctic is negatively impacting polar bear communities
- Sea levels rising will increase flooding in low-lying coastal areas, such as the Maldives, and increase coastal erosion.
- Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to increasing sea temperatures, which causes corals to expel the algae in their tissues and turn white
- Changes in temperature and precipitation will impact species distribution and biodiversity.
- Some species found in the tropics will now be found in higher latitudes, and some habitats will be completely destroyed
How hurricanes link to climate change
- Hurricanes are becoming stronger due to warmer seas
- Hurricanes are becoming more common and are growing further away from the equator
Human Causes of Climate Change
- Burning fossil fuels releases gases into the atmosphere, contributing to the natural greenhouse effect and causing global temperatures to rise.
- Deforestation reduces carbon storage, leading to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
- Population growth leads to increased food demand, which intensifies farming and animal rearing, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane
- Agriculture contributes 20% of greenhouse gas emissions through livestock production and rice paddy fields that release methane
Social Effects of Climate Change
- Coastal communities may need to relocate due to flooding
- Water scarcity will increase in some regions due to lower precipitation levels
- Precipitation levels will increase in other regions of the world
Definitions
- Climate change refers to significant changes in global temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other climate measures over extended periods.
- Global warming is a gradual increase in the earth's temperature, primarily caused by the greenhouse effect.
- The greenhouse effect is a natural process where gases in Earth's atmosphere trap solar heat and keep the planet warm enough to support life.
- Enhanced greenhouse effect describes the human-induced increase in greenhouse gases, primarily from burning fossil fuels, agriculture, and deforestation, which intensifies the greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming.
- Fossil fuels are formed from decomposed plants and animals and are a major source of energy, but also release greenhouse gases when burned.
Evidence for Climate Change
- Ice Cores: Ice cores provide information about past climate conditions, including atmospheric gas concentrations, by analyzing layers of ice that have built up over time.
- Temperature Records: Thermometers have provided reliable temperature data since the 1850s, offering short-term insights into climate change.
- Tree Rings: The width of tree rings reflects the growth conditions of the year, offering insights into past climatic conditions.
- Art Work: Artwork can provide historical evidence of changes in climate and environment.
Evidence: Warning Signs from Nature
- Changes in temperature and rainfall can significantly impact animal behavior and distribution.
- Polar bears in Hudson Bay are struggling to survive due to earlier ice melt, impacting their ability to hunt and store fat.
Climate Change Definitions
- Climate Change refers to significant changes in global temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other climate measures over decades or longer.
- Global Warming is a gradual increase in Earth's temperature, often due to the greenhouse effect.
- Greenhouse Effect is the process where gases in Earth's atmosphere trap the Sun's heat, making Earth warmer than it would be without an atmosphere. This effect is essential for life on Earth but can be amplified by human activities.
- Enhanced Greenhouse Effect refers to the intensified greenhouse effect caused by human activities. Burning fossil fuels, agriculture, and deforestation increase greenhouse gas concentrations, leading to global warming.
- Fossil Fuels are formed from decomposed plants and animals. They contain carbon and hydrogen, which can be burned for energy. Examples include coal, oil, and natural gas.
Evidence for Climate Change
- Ice Cores: These samples taken from glaciers or ice sheets provide valuable information about past climate conditions. By analyzing the gas trapped within the ice layers, scientists can determine past temperatures. Ice cores from Antarctica provide data spanning hundreds of thousands of years.
- Temperature Records: Thermometers have been used to accurately measure temperature since the 1850s, offering reliable, short-term data on climate change. This data can be represented in graphs.
- Tree Rings: Each year, trees form a new growth ring, with the width reflecting the climatic conditions of that year. Thicker rings indicate warmer and wetter conditions. Tree rings provide a historical record of climate over time.
- Melting Ice Sheets: The melting of ice sheets and glaciers is a significant indicator of rising global temperatures. As ice melts, it contributes to rising sea levels.
- Changes in Nature: Shifts in temperature and rainfall patterns impact animal distribution and behavior. For example, polar bears in Hudson Bay, Canada, face a shorter hunting season due to earlier ice melt, making it harder for them to maintain their body weight.
Human Causes of Climate Change
- Fossil Fuel Combustion: Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to the enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming.
- Deforestation: Trees act as carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Deforestation reduces this carbon storage, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
- Population Growth: Rising population leads to increased demand for food, leading to intensified agriculture and livestock farming, which contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, mainly methane.
- Agriculture: Agricultural activities contribute around 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Cattle produce methane during digestion, and flooded rice paddies emit methane from decaying organic matter.
Social Effects of Climate Change
- Migration due to Rising Sea Levels: Coastal communities will face displacement due to flooding, potentially leading to overcrowding in other areas.
- Water Scarcity: Decreased rainfall in some regions will lead to water scarcity, affecting water resources and human populations.
- Increased Flooding: Higher precipitation levels in other regions will increase the risk of flooding, potentially causing damage to property and loss of life.
Economic Effects of Climate Change
- Increased Spending on Disaster Prevention: More resources will be needed for forecasting extreme weather events and implementing preventive measures to reduce flooding risks.
- Economic Impacts of Extreme Weather Events: Countries will need to allocate a greater proportion of their GDP on supporting communities affected by extreme weather events.
- Agricultural Impacts: While farmers in higher altitudes could benefit from warming temperatures, those at lower altitudes might experience reduced crop yields.
Environmental Effects of Climate Change
- Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels: Melting ice sheets and glaciers contribute to rising sea levels, with consequences such as coastal flooding and erosion.
- Loss of Habitat and Biodiversity: Melting sea ice threatens polar bear populations, highlighting the impact of climate change on habitats and biodiversity.
- Coral Reef Bleaching: Rising sea temperatures cause coral bleaching, where corals expel algae, leading to white coloration and potential death.
- Changes in Species Distribution and Biodiversity: Shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns will alter the distribution of species and impact biodiversity, potentially leading to extinctions.
- Hurricanes and Climate Change: Warmer seas intensify hurricanes, leading to stronger and more frequent storms. Hurricanes are becoming more common and spreading further from the equator due to warming water.
Exam Technique: Command Words
- Assess: Make a considered judgement based on evidence.
- Compare: Identify similarities and differences between two or more things.
- Describe: Provide detailed characteristics or features.
- Discuss: Present key points about different ideas or arguments, considering both strengths and weaknesses.
- Explain: Provide reasons or purposes for an event or phenomenon.
- Identify: Name or otherwise characterize specific elements.
- State: Express clearly and concisely.
- Outline: Set out the main characteristics or features of a topic.
- Suggest: Offer plausible possibilities or solutions.
- To what extent: Judge the importance or success of a particular strategy, scheme, or project.
Long Answer Question Structure
- Complete the Story: Use a logical structure to develop your answer, starting with a statement, providing reasons, and outlining consequences, culminating in a conclusion that links back to the initial question.
- To What Extent: Present both sides of an argument, even if one view outweighs the other. Then, make an overall judgement based on the evidence.
Revision Tips
- Flash Cards: Create cards with key terms, definitions, and examples.
- Mind Maps: Use mind maps to visualize relationships between concepts and ideas.
- Revision Clock: Divide your revision time into sections, dedicating specific time slots to each topic.
- Quizzes: Test yourself or ask a friend to quiz you on key facts and information.
Useful Websites
- BBC Bitesize: Provides comprehensive resources and revision materials for various subjects.
- Seneca: Offers interactive quizzes and learning platforms for various subjects and exam boards.
- Internet Geography: Provides a variety of geography resources, including climate change materials.
Climate Change
-
Climate change involves substantial modifications in global temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other climate indicators over extended periods (decades or longer).
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Global warming refers to a gradual increase in Earth's temperature, often attributed to the greenhouse effect.
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The greenhouse effect is a natural process where gases in the atmosphere trap solar heat, making Earth habitable.
-
The enhanced greenhouse effect is triggered by increased greenhouse gas concentrations, primarily due to human activities like burning fossil fuels, agriculture, and deforestation.
Evidence for Climate Change
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Ice Cores: Samples from glaciers or ice sheets provide information about past climates. The composition of trapped gases in different layers reveals past temperatures, extending back millions of years.
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Temperature Records: Thermometers have been used for accurate temperature measurements since the 1850s, offering reliable short-term data on climate changes.
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Tree Rings: Each year, a tree grows a new ring, the width of which reflects the climate conditions of that year. Wider rings indicate warmer and wetter years.
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Melting Ice Sheets: A significant indicator of climate change, glaciers and ice sheets are melting at an alarming rate, contributing to sea level rise.
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Art Work Pictures from previous times offer insights into past climate conditions. For example, Abraham Hondius’s painting "A Frost Fair on the Thames at Temple Stairs," captures a period known as the Little Ice Age.
Warning Signs from Nature
- Polar Bears: Their hunting grounds are shrinking due to earlier melting of ice in Hudson Bay, affecting their feeding patterns and causing them to come ashore thinner.
Human Causes of Climate Change
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Fossil Fuels: Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, enhancing the greenhouse effect and causing global warming.
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Deforestation: Trees absorb carbon dioxide. Deforestation removes this carbon store, increasing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere.
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Population Growth: Increased demand for food intensifies agriculture and livestock farming, leading to increased methane gas emissions.
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Agriculture: Agriculture contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. Practices like raising cattle produce methane, and flooded rice paddies release methane during organic matter decay.
Social Effects of Climate Change
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Migration: Coastal communities will be forced to migrate due to rising sea levels. This will put pressure on other areas, leading to potential overpopulation issues.
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Water Scarcity: Drought and reduced precipitation will lead to severe water scarcity in some regions.
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Flooding: Increased rainfall in some areas will increase the risk of flooding, causing destruction of homes and lives.
Economic Effects of Climate Change
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Increased Spending: More resources will be dedicated to forecasting extreme weather events and implementing preventative measures to reduce flood risks.
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Agricultural Impacts: Higher altitudes may experience increased crop yields due to warming temperatures, while lower altitudes may face reduced yields.
Environmental Effects of Climate Change
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Sea Level Rise: Melting glaciers and ice sheets add water to the oceans, causing sea levels to rise, leading to increased flooding in coastal areas.
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Habitat Loss: Melting sea ice affects polar bear populations and other Arctic wildlife, causing habitat loss.
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Coral Bleaching: Warmer ocean temperatures cause corals to expel algae, resulting in coral bleaching and potential reef destruction.
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Species Distribution: Climate change alters species distributions, forcing some species to move to higher latitudes while others suffer habitat loss due to environmental changes.
How do Hurricanes link to Climate Change?
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Warmer Seas: Warmer ocean temperatures provide more energy for hurricane formation and intensification.
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Hurricane Intensity: Hurricanes will become more intense and may occur further from the equator due to warmer ocean temperatures.
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Frequency: Hurricanes are becoming more frequent and stronger in response to warmer sea temperatures.
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Description
This quiz explores the economic and environmental impacts of climate change, focusing on how extreme weather events affect different communities and ecosystems. It covers topics including inflation in emergency funds, species distribution, and the consequences of rising temperatures on agriculture and biodiversity.