Ecology and Population Dynamics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is population restoration reinforcement?

  • Introducing non-native species into a new habitat
  • Eliminating a species from its historical range
  • Releasing individuals into an area with no existing populations
  • Releasing individuals into an area with an existing population of conspecifics (correct)

Carrying capacity is irrelevant when selecting a release site for species.

False (B)

What phenomenon occurs when apex predators are eradicated, leading to the growth of mesopredator populations?

Mesopredator release

In pest control, ______ refers to the buildup of chemicals in organisms at higher trophic levels.

<p>biomagnification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the pest control methods with their respective benefits and costs:

<p>Sanitation = Cleaner area but higher costs for containers Physical = Prevents pest effects but requires monitoring Biological = Natural means of pest control but potential unexpected interactions Chemical = Effective in killing pests but may affect non-target species</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary mode of transportation for non-native species?

<p>Ballast water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Invasive species are only harmful to human health.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one advantage of in situ conservation efforts.

<p>Applicable to ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of managing pest species to keep their populations small includes methods like ______ and biological pest control.

<p>sanitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the pest control methods with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Sanitation = Removal of pest resources Biological pest control = Promoted populations to control pests Chemical pest control = Using chemicals like glyphosate Physical pest control = Excluding and removing pests</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is propagule pressure?

<p>High number of release-events and large number of individuals released (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ex situ conservation involves keeping organisms in their natural range.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one disadvantage of in situ conservation?

<p>Little or no control over environmental variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument against conservation translocation?

<p>It can negatively affect other species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Soft release involves acclimatizing individuals to their environment before full release.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of disease screenings before the release of translocated populations?

<p>To prevent the introduction of diseases or parasites to the release sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Headstarting is a conservation technique where individuals are brought into captivity during a vulnerable stage of life and then __________ back to the wild.

<p>translocated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of release with their definitions:

<p>Soft release = Acclimatization in enclosures before full release Hard release = Immediate release into the new environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

One major requirement for a suitable release site is that it must accommodate which of the following?

<p>All stages of the species' life cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Birds and reptiles are the most commonly translocated species.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main issues to consider when selecting a release site?

<p>Suitability of the release site, carrying capacity, species interactions, and socioeconomic acceptability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of ex situ conservation efforts?

<p>They require high ongoing costs and a lot of space. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The minimum viable population (MVP) has a 90-99 percent chance of remaining extant for 100 years.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of conservation triage?

<p>To focus resources on populations with higher chances of survival while abandoning some populations to extinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which the minimum viable population for a species is calculated is known as _____ Analysis.

<p>Population Viability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Extinction vortex = A series of linked processes leading to extinction. Extinction debt = Future extinction of species due to past disturbances. Allee effects = Reduced fitness in small populations due to social factors. Inbreeding depression = Decreased fitness associated with increased homozygosity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor contributing to the extinction vortex?

<p>Population bottlenecks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Captive breeding programs always result in improved genetic diversity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two effects of ex situ conservation on animal behavior?

<p>Altered animal behavior and phenotypic changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a keystone species?

<p>A species that has a disproportionately large effect on its ecosystem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) improve ecosystem stability and resiliency.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'rewilding'.

<p>Restoring a large habitat area to its natural, self-sustaining state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An ______ species indirectly protects other species by generating public awareness and political willingness.

<p>umbrella</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following species categories with their definitions:

<p>Keystone species = Species with a large effect on an ecosystem Ecosystem engineer = Species that maintain habitat for others Flagship species = Species that generate public awareness Umbrella species = Species that protect others through shared habitat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a characteristic of a Global Biodiversity Hotspot?

<p>Has more than 1500 endemic plant species and a significant loss of vegetation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crisis ecoregions are areas that have high protection and low conversion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conservation translocation?

<p>The release of wild or captive bred individuals into the wild for conservation purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is called when individuals are released into an area outside of the species' historical range to fill an ecological niche left vacant?

<p>Ecological Replacement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an argument against conducting a conservation translocation? (Select all that apply)

<p>It is difficult to define 'success' of these programs (A), It can be very costly (B), There is a high failure rate (especially for captive-raised populations) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Marine protected areas cover about 8% of the ocean currently.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of soft release techniques in conservation?

<p>To acclimate and support released individuals to adapt to the wild.</p> Signup and view all the answers

___ is when species are released into an area with conspecifics present to decrease their dispersal.

<p>Release</p> Signup and view all the answers

All marine protected areas prevent the exploitation and taking of its natural resources.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conservation methods with their descriptions:

<p>Reintroduction = Bringing a species back to its historical habitat Assisted colonization = Introducing species to a new area outside their historical range Ex situ management = Conservation efforts outside of the natural habitat CITES = An agreement to regulate international trade of endangered species</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason to use wild individuals for translocations?

<p>Quarantine period may be required (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Population Restoration Reinforcement

The release of individuals of a species into a location where they historically existed and where a similar species is already present.

Mesopredator Release

The increase in populations of medium-sized predators after the removal or decline of top predators. This can happen when apex predators are eradicated or introduced.

Competitive Release

The rebound of a species' population after large-scale events that remove competitors, either naturally or by humans.

Biomagnification

The build-up of chemicals in the tissues of organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain.

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Impacts of Non-Native Species

The negative effects on ecosystems, communities, species, and populations from introducing non-native species to a new environment.

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Ex situ conservation

The removal of individuals from their natural habitat for conservation purposes, often in zoos or sanctuaries.

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Minimum Viable Population (MVP)

The study of the population size needed for a species to avoid extinction over a long period.

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Headstarting

The process of raising individuals of a species in captivity during a vulnerable stage of their life before releasing them back into the wild. This technique is often used to increase survival rates.

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Extinction Vortex

The gradual decline of a population due to factors like inbreeding and reduced genetic diversity.

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Soft Release

A type of species reintroduction where individuals are slowly acclimated to their new environment. This might involve using temporary enclosures, providing food, or creating refuges.

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Extinction Debt

The risk of future extinction caused by past disturbances to populations.

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Hard Release

A type of species reintroduction where individuals are released directly into their new environment without acclimation.

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Population Viability Analysis (PVA)

A method used to calculate the MVP for a species, considering factors like population size and environmental changes.

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Conservation Triage

A strategy in conservation where resources are directed towards species with the highest chances of survival.

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Conservation Translocation

Any release of wild or captive-bred individuals into the wild, regardless of the purpose.

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Ex situ Effects on Phenotypic Changes

Changes in physical or behavioral characteristics of organisms due to ex situ conservation.

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Release Site Suitability

The suitability of a release site for all stages of a species' life cycle, throughout the year.

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Preservation

The process of maintaining ecosystems and their biodiversity without human intervention.

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Disease Screening

Screening translocated individuals for diseases and parasites to prevent their spread to the release site.

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Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of individuals of a species that a particular habitat can support.

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What is a keystone species?

A species that has a disproportionately large effect on its ecosystem, impacting both community structure and trophic levels.

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What is an ecosystem engineer?

A species that creates or maintains habitats for other species. They actively shape the environment.

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What is an umbrella species?

A species whose protection also indirectly benefits other species sharing its habitat. These species often have large home ranges and habitat requirements.

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What is a flagship species?

A charismatic species that helps raise public awareness and political support for conservation efforts.

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What is a global biodiversity hotspot?

Areas supporting a high concentration of endemic species, often facing high levels of habitat loss. They have >1500 endemic plant species and >70% of primary vegetation lost.

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What is a crisis ecoregion?

Ecoregions highly converted for human use, with little protection. They are often under significant pressure from human activities.

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What is conservation translocation?

The process of releasing captive-bred or wild individuals into the wild for conservation purposes.

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What is rewilding?

The process of restoring a large habitat area to its natural, self-sustaining state. It often involves reintroducing species to restore ecological interactions and food webs.

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Non-native species

Organisms introduced outside their native range by human activities.

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Invasive species

A non-native species that causes harm to the economy, environment, or human health.

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Species Translocation

The process of introducing new species into a non-native area, through various human activities like trade, transportation, or accidental introductions.

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Propagule Pressure

The frequency, size, and genetic diversity of introduced individuals, which can influence the success of a non-native species.

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Prevention of non-native species

A management strategy focused on preventing the introduction and spread of non-native species.

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Eradication of non-native species

A management strategy for non-native species, involving removal or control of small populations to completely eliminate them.

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Containment of non-native species

A management strategy focused on containing the spread of non-native species to prevent further damage.

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Site protection of non-native species

A management strategy that focuses on protecting specific areas within a broader invaded region, preserving habitats and native species.

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Reinforcement

Releasing individuals of a species into a location where they historically existed and where a similar species is already present.

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Reintroduction

Releasing individuals of a species into a location where they historically existed, and where species are not currently found.

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Assisted Colonization

Releasing individuals of a species into an area outside of the species' historical range to fill an ecological niche left vacant.

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Loss of Heterozygosity

The loss of genetic diversity within a population due to inbreeding and population bottlenecks. This can lead to reduced fitness and increased vulnerability to extinction.

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Marine Protected Areas

Areas designated for the protection of marine life, which may only be protected from some or all human activities. These can be a valuable tool for conservation, but only if properly managed and enforced.

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Studbook

A record of the genetic lineage of animals in a captive population. It is used to manage breeding programs and ensure healthy and diverse populations.

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Study Notes

Population Restoration Reinforcement

  • The release of individuals into an area where the species historically lived, and where an existing population of the same species already lives.
  • Three key considerations for release site selection:
    • Suitability of the release site
    • Carrying capacity
    • Species interactions
    • Socioeconomic acceptability

Mesopredator Release Effects

  • Occurs when larger apex predators are removed (either through eradication or introduction of an exotic species), leading to a growth in the populations of medium-sized predators that were previously kept in check by the larger predators.

Competitive Release

  • Large-scale eradication events, either natural or human-caused, can cause a population boom in other species that had previously been in competition with the eradicated species.

Chemical Pest Control

  • Can have detrimental effects on entire ecosystems due to biomagnification – the accumulation of chemicals in organisms at higher trophic levels.
  • Negative impacts on ecosystems, communities, species, and populations can occur due to non-native species introduction.

Sanitation Methods

  • Benefit: Creates a cleaner area to deter pest species, preventing attraction.
  • Cost: More expensive to create pest-resistant containers, and requires ongoing cleaning.

Physical Methods

  • Benefit: Prevents pest species from impacting the area (e.g., through traps or other physical deterrents).
  • Cost: Requires manufacturing, maintenance, and monitoring of traps; traps can affect non-pest species.

Biological Methods

  • Benefit: Can reduce pest species populations naturally.
  • Cost: Potential unforeseen interactions with other species in the surrounding environment.

Chemical Methods

  • Benefit: Kills pest species to protect crops and infrastructure.
  • Cost: Can negatively affect other species, potentially through the food chain.
  • Cost: Possible impact on other species within the food chain.

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Related Documents

Population Restoration Reinforcement PDF
Non-Native Species Conservation Strategies PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on population restoration, mesopredator release effects, competitive release, and the impacts of chemical pest control on ecosystems. This quiz covers critical concepts essential for understanding ecological balance and species interactions.

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