Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act implemented in 1972?
What was the estimated tiger population in India at the turn of the century?
What is a major threat to the tiger population according to the content?
What is a traditional use of tiger bones mentioned in the content?
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What is NOT a provision of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act implemented in 1972?
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What was the tiger population in India in 1973?
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What is the primary role of forests in the ecological system?
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What is the primary reason for conserving forests and wildlife?
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What is the significance of biodiversity in agriculture?
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What was the demand of conservationists in the 1960s and 1970s?
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What is the consequence of the decline in wildlife population and forestry?
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What is the relationship between humans and nature according to the content?
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What percentage of Madhya Pradesh's total forest area is under permanent forests?
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Which of the following states has a bulk of its forest area under protected forests?
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What type of forests are managed by local communities in the northeastern states and parts of Gujarat?
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What was the main goal of the Chipko movement in the Himalayas?
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What is the main reason for the difficulty in managing, controlling, and regulating forest and wildlife resources in India?
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What is the purpose of maintaining permanent forest estates?
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What is the primary motivation behind the local communities' efforts to conserve forests in India?
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What is the name of the programme that involves local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests?
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What is the primary outcome of community afforestation with indigenous species?
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What is the significance of the villagers' efforts in Sariska Tiger Reserve?
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What is the primary objective of the farmers and citizen's groups in India?
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What is the significance of the declaration of 1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchuri'?
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What is the primary reason for preserving certain trees and patches of forest in India?
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What is the benefit of local communities being involved in natural resource management?
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What is the significance of Sacred Groves in India?
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What is the role of local communities in managing degraded forest land?
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What is the cultural significance of specific trees in India?
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What is the importance of involving local communities in decision-making regarding natural resource management?
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Study Notes
Human Dependence on Ecological Systems
- Humans, along with other living organisms, form a complex web of ecological systems, dependent on each other for existence.
- Plants, animals, and microorganisms recreate the quality of air, water, and soil, essential for human survival.
- Forests play a key role in the ecological system, serving as primary producers, and maintaining ecological diversity and life support systems (water, air, and soil).
Conservation in India
- Conservation of forests and wildlife is essential due to the rapid decline in wildlife population and forestry.
- The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972, with provisions for protecting habitats and restricting trade in wildlife.
- The central government has announced projects for protecting specific animals, and established national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
- Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests, while Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal have large percentages of reserved forests.
Types and Distribution of Forest and Wildlife Resources
- India has a vast forest and wildlife resource, with North-eastern states and parts of Gujarat having a high percentage of unclassed forests managed by local communities.
- Community and conservation strategies are not new in India, with local communities struggling to conserve habitats alongside government officials.
Community Conservation Efforts
- In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining, citing the Wildlife Protection Act.
- In Alwar district, Rajasthan, five villages have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, rejecting government involvement.
- Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme, initiated in 1988, involves local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests.
- Sacred groves, preserved by local tribes, contain diverse and rare species, and have been left untouched due to religious beliefs.
Traditional Methods of Conservation
- Nature worship is an age-old tribal belief, preserving several virgin forests in pristine form.
- Certain societies revere particular trees, such as mahua, kadamba, tamarind, and mango, which are preserved from time immemorial.
- Indian society comprises various cultures, each with its own set of traditional methods of conserving nature and its creations.
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Description
Explore the interconnectedness of humans and ecological systems, and the importance of conservation in India, including the role of forests and maintaining ecological diversity.