Ecological Interactions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of interaction involves one species benefitting while the other is harmed?

  • Competition
  • Predation (correct)
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism

    • In which interaction do both species benefit from their relationship?

  • Competition
  • Predation
  • Mutualism (correct)
  • Parasitism

    • Which ecological interaction is characterized by limited resources affecting the survival of both species?

  • Competition (correct)
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
  • Exploitation

    • What term describes an interaction that has no significant effect on either species involved?

    <p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is competition within the same species distinguished?

    <p>Intraspecific competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which relationship typically harms one species while aiding another?

    <p>Parasitism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following interactions can involve changes in effects over time?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of exploitation in ecological interactions?

    <p>Caterpillars feeding on plant leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary conclusion derived from G.F. Gause's experiments with Paramecium species?

    <p>One species will eventually outcompete and exclude the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is part of an organism’s ecological niche?

    <p>The specific biotic and abiotic resources it utilizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'resource partitioning' refer to in ecology?

    <p>The differentiation of niches that allows similar species to coexist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a species' realized niche from its fundamental niche?

    <p>The fundamental niche is broader than the realized niche.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Joseph Connell's barnacle study, what was the result of removing Balanus from its habitat?

    <p>Chthamalus expanded into Balanus's former niche.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does natural selection influence niche differentiation between competing species?

    <p>It encourages the use of different resources at different times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically the consequence of two species having identical niches?

    <p>One species will likely be excluded from the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do abiotic factors play in establishing an organism's niche?

    <p>They interact with biotic factors to define habitat suitability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does competitive exclusion imply regarding resource competition in ecosystems?

    <p>One species will outcompete another for limited resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason that species like Anolis lizards can coexist despite competing for resources?

    <p>They have evolved to occupy different vertical spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the realized niche of a species when a competitor is removed?

    <p>It becomes broader and can expand into areas previously unavailable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the temporal division of niches occur between Acomys cahirinus and Acomys russatus?

    <p>One species has adapted to being active at different times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ecological terms, what characterizes the 'fundamental niche' of a species?

    <p>It represents the ideal environmental conditions without competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by a high percent reduction in snake swimming speed due to the presence of cane toads?

    <p>Cane toads negatively impact the predatory capabilities of snakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adaptations might allow a predatory animal to successfully capture prey?

    <p>Camouflage to blend in with the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might natural selection influence the development of mimicry in prey species?

    <p>Harmless species may evolve to resemble harmful species over generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of graph is most suitable for demonstrating the relationship of two continuous variables in the study?

    <p>Scatter plot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would likely happen if a novel enzyme evolved in snakes that deactivates cane toad toxin?

    <p>Snakes might adapt to better tolerate the toxic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a scatter plot be more informative than a bar graph in some studies?

    <p>Scatter plots can illustrate trends or correlations between variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes Batesian mimicry?

    <p>A harmless species mimics a harmful one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the experiments, which variable is considered dependent?

    <p>Percent reduction in snake swimming speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does aposematic coloration provide to certain prey species?

    <p>Informs predators of their toxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does selective pressure play in the evolution of mimicry?

    <p>It promotes adaptations that enhance survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a consequence of a high concentration of unpalatable species existing in an environment?

    <p>Faster learning by predators to avoid these species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of the natural environment might affect the hunting efficiency of ambush predators?

    <p>The level of camouflage they possess.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If researchers find that the introduction of cane toads has led to decreased snake populations, what conclusion might they draw?

    <p>Cane toads disrupt the ecological balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary condition for an interaction to be classified as mutualism?

    <p>The benefits must exceed the costs for each partner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example of mycorrhizae, what might lead a plant to stop supplying carbohydrates to its fungal partner?

    <p>Soil nutrients are abundant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interaction is most accurately described as one species gaining a benefit while the other is unaffected?

    <p>Commensalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the black rush (Juncus gerardii) influence other plant species in its habitat?

    <p>It alters soil conditions to their advantage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the interaction between cattle egrets and herbivores, what is a potential mutual benefit that may arise?

    <p>Egrets warn herbivores of predators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen to the relationship between species over time, as illustrated in the text?

    <p>The effects of interactions can change from commensalism to mutualism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about commensalism is true?

    <p>One species benefits while the other is not affected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does Juncus provide to the surrounding plant species in salt marshes?

    <p>Enhances soil oxygen levels and reduces salt concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might occur if a mutualistic interaction becomes too one-sided?

    <p>The mutualism may break down temporarily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior change occurs in A.russatus when A.cahirinus individuals are removed from their habitat?

    <p>They become nocturnal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does character displacement primarily demonstrate in sympatric populations?

    <p>Divergence in traits to minimize competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study of Geospiza fuliginosa and Geospiza fortis, what was observed in their beak morphology in allopatric populations?

    <p>Beak depths are generally similar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interaction is defined as predation?

    <p>One organism feeds on another, leading to its death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the introduction of cane toads affect native black snakes in Australia?

    <p>Some snakes showed resistance to cane toad toxins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation was observed in the sympatric populations of Galápagos finches?

    <p>Divergence in beak depth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the character displacement in sympatric populations?

    <p>Resource partitioning due to competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of exploitative interactions in ecosystems?

    <p>They involve one species benefiting at the cost of another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the predation behavior of black snakes in the area with cane toads after 40 to 60 years?

    <p>They exclusively preyed on cane toads.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of species competing for resources in overlapping habitats?

    <p>Changes in activity patterns to reduce competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the experiment involving cane toads, what was measured to assess the physiological effect on black snakes?

    <p>Snakes' swimming speed after toxin injection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do adaptations in both predators and prey tend to become refined through natural selection?

    <p>To increase reproductive success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies adaptations in species that exhibit character displacement?

    <p>Evolution of distinct morphological differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herbivory characterized by?

    <p>The exploitation of plants by organisms that eat their parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals is an example of a herbivorous marine mammal?

    <p>West Indian manatee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do most herbivorous insects distinguish between plants?

    <p>Using chemical sensors on their feet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of parasitism involves an organism that lays eggs in a living host?

    <p>Parasitoidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism plants use to defend themselves against herbivores?

    <p>Rapid growth to outrun herbivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that parasites can affect their host populations?

    <p>By weakening the host and increasing mortality rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interaction is mutualism?

    <p>Both interacting species benefit from the relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant compound is an example of a chemical defense against herbivores?

    <p>Tannins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of ectoparasites?

    <p>They feed on the external surface of their host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do acacia trees gain from their mutualistic relationship with certain ants?

    <p>Protection from herbivores and debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed?

    <p>Parasitism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a factor in the adaptations of herbivores?

    <p>Predatory instincts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of positive interactions, what is commensalism?

    <p>One species benefits, and the other is unharmed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about plant defenses is accurate?

    <p>Plants employ both chemical toxins and mechanical structures for protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant environmental consequence of overgrazing and agricultural disturbance in Africa?

    <p>Transformation of seasonal grasslands into barren areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ocean trawling compare in scale to forest clear-cutting?

    <p>It affects a larger area than forests that are clear-cut each year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major ecological effect of human-caused disturbances in marine environments?

    <p>Reduction in species diversity in many communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of ecological disturbance, how does the impact of trawling affect the marine environment?

    <p>It causes degradation similar to that of clear-cutting forests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of impact does ocean trawling have on the diversity of life in marine ecosystems?

    <p>It reduces species diversity by disturbing marine habitats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept challenges the idea that communities always exist at a stable equilibrium?

    <p>Nonequilibrium model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that ecologists believe disrupts the stability of biological communities?

    <p>Human activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did proponents of the equilibrium model view the relationship between species in a community?

    <p>As an integrated unit similar to a superorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the climax community according to traditional ecological views?

    <p>It is the final stage of community development controlled by climate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What alternative explanation do some ecologists propose regarding the composition of species in a community?

    <p>Communities reflect chance associations of species with similar abiotic requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do disturbances impact the concept of community stability?

    <p>They initiate a process of transformation, often leading to nonequilibrium communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do ecological disturbances challenge the traditional views on community stability?

    <p>They suggest that communities are dynamic and constantly changing rather than static.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a significant consequence of embracing the nonequilibrium model in understanding community dynamics?

    <p>It highlights the importance of disturbances in shaping community structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the intermediate disturbance hypothesis suggest about species diversity in affected communities?

    <p>Moderate levels of disturbance enhance species diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily contributes to the dominance of competitively superior species in low disturbance environments?

    <p>The absence of disturbances allowing slow-growing species to survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do small-scale disturbances influence the overall community structure?

    <p>They create patches of varied habitats, helping maintain diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did the severe drought have on the lodgepole pine forests of Yellowstone in 1988?

    <p>Periodic fires rejuvenated the growth of lodgepole pines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of ecological succession, what is primary succession primarily characterized by?

    <p>Colonization in areas that were previously lifeless.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines 'nonequilibrium communities' in ecological terms?

    <p>Communities that are constantly shifting due to disturbances and internal processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of frequent high-intensity disturbances on species diversity?

    <p>It limits the establishment of many species due to stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lodgepole pine cones play in the ecosystem following a fire?

    <p>They release seeds following exposure to intense heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ecological succession, what species typically colonizes first in primary succession?

    <p>Herbaceous plants and colonizing species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when high-frequency flooding affects invertebrate species richness in streams?

    <p>Species richness declines due to difficulties in establishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do frequent but low-intensity fires compare with high-intensity fires in forest ecosystems?

    <p>They promote the health of certain species adapted to fire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical outcome of climatic conditions causing natural disturbances in an ecosystem?

    <p>Continual changes and adaptations in species compositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ecological studies, what does 'taxa' refer to?

    <p>Any species or genera within the community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the concept of ecological succession important in understanding community changes?

    <p>It explains how disturbances shape species interactions over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that allows early colonizers like lichens and mosses to thrive in barren environments after glacial retreat?

    <p>Their photosynthetic ability and resilience to harsh conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pioneering species like Dryas influence the establishment of later plant species during primary succession?

    <p>By creating conditions that enhance soil fertility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does sphagnum moss play in the spruce-hemlock forest ecosystem after primary succession?

    <p>It holds water and can lead to acidification, affecting tree health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes primary succession from secondary succession in ecological terms?

    <p>Primary succession occurs in completely barren environments, while secondary occurs where some organisms remain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to soil nitrogen content as succession progresses from the Alder stage to the Spruce stage?

    <p>It increases due to the influence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can human activities disrupt natural ecological succession?

    <p>By permanently altering habitats and removing native species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical changes occur to an area as it transitions through the various stages of primary succession after glacial retreat?

    <p>There is gradual vegetation development leading to increased soil complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the nitrogen-fixing ability of certain pioneer species like Dryas and alder?

    <p>They promote an increase in soil nitrogen, benefiting later species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the primary succession process visible at Glacier Bay?

    <p>Clear stages of plant community progression following glacial retreat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do herbaceous species play in the process of secondary succession?

    <p>They are often the first to recolonize disturbed areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant outcome of the interactions between different plant species during primary succession?

    <p>Early colonizers can facilitate or inhibit the growth of later species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ecological phenomenon illustrates the long timescales required for primary succession?

    <p>The process typically happens over centuries to millennia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ecological significance of studying primary succession at locations like Glacier Bay?

    <p>It allows scientists to observe stages of plant community development over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ecological role does the phenomenon of 'facilitation' play during primary succession?

    <p>It describes how some species prepare the area for subsequent plant growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Interspecific Interactions

    • Organisms engage in various interspecific interactions, including competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.
    • Interactions can have positive, negative, or neutral effects on the survival and reproduction of the species involved.

    Competition

    • Competition occurs when individuals of different species utilize the same limited resources, impacting both their survival and reproduction.
    • Intraspecific competition refers specifically to competition between members of the same species.
    • Examples include weeds competing with garden plants for nutrients and lynx competing with foxes for prey.

    Competitive Exclusion

    • G.F. Gause's experiments demonstrated that two species competing for the same resources cannot coexist indefinitely; one will outcompete the other, leading to competitive exclusion.
    • A species with a reproductive advantage will eliminate the inferior competitor over time.

    Ecological Niches

    • An organism's ecological niche encompasses the biotic and abiotic resources it uses, including habitat, activity periods, and food sources.
    • Two species cannot permanently coexist if their niches are identical; however, resource partitioning allows similar species to coexist by utilizing different resources or times.
    • The realized niche is the portion of the fundamental niche occupied by a species in a community.

    Resource Partitioning and Character Displacement

    • Species can partition their niches in both spatial and temporal dimensions.
    • Example: Anolis lizards in the Dominican Republic differentiate their perching locations to reduce competition.
    • Character displacement occurs when sympatric populations of similar species show morphological differences, as seen in Galápagos finches with varying beak depths.

    Exploitation Interactions

    • Exploitation refers to interactions where one species benefits at the expense of another, including predation, herbivory, and parasitism.
    • Predation involves a predator killing and consuming prey, shaping adaptations in both predators and prey through natural selection.

    Predator-Prey Adaptations

    • Predators have acute senses, physical adaptations like fangs or claws, and behaviors that enhance hunting success.
    • Prey species develop defenses such as fleeing, camouflage, or warning coloration to evade predators.

    Mimicry

    • Batesian mimicry occurs when a harmless species resembles a harmful one, increasing its survival rate by deceiving predators.
    • Müllerian mimicry involves multiple unpalatable species resembling one another, aiding predators' learning to avoid them.
    • The mimic octopus showcases advanced mimicry abilities, imitating various marine animals to evade threats and capture prey.

    Cane Toad Experiment

    • Researchers studied the effects of cane toads on native red-bellied black snakes in Australia, observing adaptations and changes in predation behavior after prolonged exposure to the toads.
    • The experiment revealed a selective effect of cane toads on snake behavior.

    Defensive Adaptations

    • Various defensive adaptations, including mechanical (porcupine quills) and chemical defenses (skunk spray), evolve in species to deter predators.
    • Bright coloration (aposematism) signals toxicity, while cryptic coloration helps prey blend into their environment.

    These notes encapsulate the essential concepts and examples related to interspecific interactions and their ecological implications.### Herbivory

    • Herbivory involves organisms (herbivores) consuming parts of plants or algae, causing harm but typically not death.
    • Invertebrates, such as grasshoppers and caterpillars, represent a larger portion of herbivores compared to large mammals like cattle and buffalo.
    • Marine herbivores include species like sea urchins and some tropical fish, exemplifying herbivory in ocean ecosystems.
    • Many herbivores have evolved specialized adaptations, including chemical sensors to assess plant toxicity and nutritional value.
    • Mammalian herbivores often utilize scent to discriminate among plant types and can prefer specific plant parts.
    • Plants defend themselves against herbivores with chemical toxins (e.g., strychnine, nicotine) and physical structures like thorns and spines.

    Parasitism

    • Parasitism is an exploitative interaction where a parasite derives nourishment from a host, causing harm.
    • Internal parasites are termed endoparasites (e.g., tapeworms) while external ones are called ectoparasites (e.g., ticks).
    • Approximately one-third of Earth's species are estimated to be parasites, highlighting their prevalence.
    • Some parasites exhibit complex life cycles requiring multiple hosts (e.g., the blood fluke uses humans and freshwater snails).
    • Certain parasites can alter their host's behavior to facilitate transmission to the next host, enhancing their lifecycle success.
    • Parasites significantly influence host survival, reproduction, and population density, such as ticks affecting moose health and predation risk.

    Positive Interactions

    • Positive interactions between species can involve mutualism and commensalism, benefiting at least one species without harming others.
    • Mutualism is defined as a reciprocal relationship where both species benefit (e.g., ants and acacia trees).
    • Mutualisms can include nutrient exchange (fungi and plant roots) and collaborative survival strategies (e.g., animal pollination).
    • Costs are also associated with mutualisms; each partner gives up some resources for mutual benefit.
    • Commensalism occurs when one species benefits while the other is unaffected, such as wildflowers thriving in forest shade without impacting tree health.
    • Ecological interactions can shift over time, with commensal relationships transforming into mutualistic ones under changing conditions.

    Community Impacts

    • Positive interactions can dramatically shape ecological communities; for example, black rush (Juncus gerardii) creates favorable soil conditions in salt marshes.
    • Juncus reduces soil salt concentration and increases oxygen levels, thereby enhancing biodiversity by supporting more plant species.
    • The removal of beneficial species like Juncus can lead to decreased plant community diversity.

    Equilibrium vs. Nonequilibrium Perspectives

    • Traditional ecological views held that biological communities are stable and at equilibrium, primarily influenced by competition among species.
    • Stability signifies a community’s ability to maintain a constant species composition, with the climax community seen as shaped by climate alone.
    • Some ecologists questioned this, arguing that various factors (soils, topography) result in multiple stable community configurations, not just one climax community.
    • Communities can be perceived as random species assemblies based on similar abiotic needs rather than functioning as cohesive units.

    Disturbance and Community Dynamics

    • Disturbance alters community structure by removing organisms or changing resource availability, with examples including storms, fires, floods, and human activities.
    • High disturbance intensity or frequency usually decreases species diversity, while low disturbance allows dominant species to exclude others.
    • The intermediate disturbance hypothesis posits that moderate disturbance levels promote greater species diversity than extreme low or high disturbance levels.

    Evidence Supporting the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

    • Studies in New Zealand showed that invertebrate species richness was highest in streams with moderate flooding intensity, validating the hypothesis.
    • Small-scale disturbances create diverse habitats, whereas large disturbances, such as significant fires, can rejuvenate ecosystems adapted to such events.

    Case Study: Yellowstone National Park

    • Lodgepole pine forests in Yellowstone rely on periodic fires; cones only release seeds when exposed to intense heat, fostering regrowth after fires.
    • Post-1988 fires, areas within Yellowstone rapidly regrew, showcasing community adaptation to large-scale disturbances, supporting nonequilibrium community models.

    Ecological Succession Overview

    • Ecological succession describes species turnover in communities following disturbances, with primary succession starting in lifeless areas (e.g., after glacial retreats).
    • Primary succession involves initial colonization by simple organisms like prokaryotes and protists, followed by lichens, mosses, and then vascular plants as soil develops.
    • Facilitation, inhibition, or independence describes interactions between early-arriving and later species during succession.

    Primary Succession Research: Glacier Bay

    • Glacier Bay studies reveal a sequence of colonization post-glacial retreat, starting with pioneering species leading to a dense forest over centuries.
    • Nitrogen-fixing species like Dryas play a crucial role in enhancing soil quality, gradually promoting biodiversity during succession.

    Secondary Succession and Human Impact

    • Secondary succession occurs after major disturbances that leave some organisms intact, leading to recolonization akin to the original community structure.
    • Human activities significantly disrupt ecosystems, leading to habitat loss such as in prairies and tropical rain forests, impacting biodiversity.
    • Ocean trawling poses severe threats to marine ecosystems, comparable to land deforestation, further reducing species diversity globally.

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    Test your knowledge on different types of ecological interactions. This quiz covers relationships such as commensalism, competition, mutualism, and more. See if you can identify how these interactions impact species in an ecosystem.

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