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Questions and Answers
The extracellular matrix is commonly associated with connective tissue like bone, ligaments, tendons, and ______.
The extracellular matrix is commonly associated with connective tissue like bone, ligaments, tendons, and ______.
cartilage
Procollagen is a precursor of collagen that is secreted from ______.
Procollagen is a precursor of collagen that is secreted from ______.
cells
The hydrogen bond between OH groups of proline and ______ stabilizes molecules in collagen fibers.
The hydrogen bond between OH groups of proline and ______ stabilizes molecules in collagen fibers.
lysine
Elastin provides greater ______ than tensile strength in specific tissues such as arteries and lungs.
Elastin provides greater ______ than tensile strength in specific tissues such as arteries and lungs.
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Elastins differ from collagen as they do not contain hydroxylated forms of ______.
Elastins differ from collagen as they do not contain hydroxylated forms of ______.
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Protein receptors in the extracellular matrix are located on the surface of the ______.
Protein receptors in the extracellular matrix are located on the surface of the ______.
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When a substance in the extracellular matrix combines with a receptor, it alters the structural form and initiates a ______ signal.
When a substance in the extracellular matrix combines with a receptor, it alters the structural form and initiates a ______ signal.
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The altered activity of the nucleus can affect the transcription of ______.
The altered activity of the nucleus can affect the transcription of ______.
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Fibronectins are the most common adhesive ______ that belong to the family of glycoproteins.
Fibronectins are the most common adhesive ______ that belong to the family of glycoproteins.
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De novo synthesis denotes to the synthesis of large molecules from ______ molecules such as polysaccharides from monosaccharides.
De novo synthesis denotes to the synthesis of large molecules from ______ molecules such as polysaccharides from monosaccharides.
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Laminins are adhesive ______ found in the basal lamina of the extracellular matrix.
Laminins are adhesive ______ found in the basal lamina of the extracellular matrix.
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The glycocalyx is a CHO molecules rich zone outside of the ______ membrane.
The glycocalyx is a CHO molecules rich zone outside of the ______ membrane.
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Cadherins are calcium-dependent adhesion ______ that function in cell adhesion.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent adhesion ______ that function in cell adhesion.
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Plasmodesmata are conduits between the cell walls of two adjacent ______ cells.
Plasmodesmata are conduits between the cell walls of two adjacent ______ cells.
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Fibronectins consist of two polypeptide chains joined by ______ bonds.
Fibronectins consist of two polypeptide chains joined by ______ bonds.
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The glycocalyx is also referred to as the ______ matrix of the cell membrane.
The glycocalyx is also referred to as the ______ matrix of the cell membrane.
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The three types of macromolecules found in the ECM of animal cells are structural proteins, ______, and adhesive glycoproteins.
The three types of macromolecules found in the ECM of animal cells are structural proteins, ______, and adhesive glycoproteins.
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The extracellular matrix helps attach cells to the matrix through ______ like laminins and fibronectins.
The extracellular matrix helps attach cells to the matrix through ______ like laminins and fibronectins.
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The process by which cells can migrate and develop is influenced by the ______ of the extracellular matrix.
The process by which cells can migrate and develop is influenced by the ______ of the extracellular matrix.
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Glycosaminoglycans attract water due to their ______ charges, aiding in the formation of gel-like structures.
Glycosaminoglycans attract water due to their ______ charges, aiding in the formation of gel-like structures.
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The core proteins of proteoglycans can range from ______ to 500,000 molecular weight.
The core proteins of proteoglycans can range from ______ to 500,000 molecular weight.
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Collagens and elastins are examples of ______ found in the extracellular matrix.
Collagens and elastins are examples of ______ found in the extracellular matrix.
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The ______ is made up of fibrous proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and amorphous matrix.
The ______ is made up of fibrous proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and amorphous matrix.
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Extracellular structures like the cell wall and cell membrane originate from the ______ of the cell.
Extracellular structures like the cell wall and cell membrane originate from the ______ of the cell.
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Study Notes
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Overview
- ECM is primarily linked to connective tissues, including bone, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.
- Procollagen is the precursor to collagen, synthesized and secreted by cells before being cleaved by collagen peptidase to form collagen molecules.
- Collagen molecules aggregate to create fibrils, which further combine to form fibers.
- Stability of collagen fibers is enhanced by hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups of proline and lysine.
Types of Collagen
- Numerous types of collagen exist, determined by genetic coding of different α chains.
Structure and Function of Elastin
- Elastin provides elasticity, notably in arteries, lungs, and intestines, emphasizing flexibility over tensile strength.
- Structurally distinct from collagen, elastin includes glycine and proline, lacks hydroxylated forms, and has single molecules linked by lysine covalent bonds.
Protein Receptors in ECM
- ECM serves as a site for protein receptors that interact with substances, altering receptor structure and triggering intracellular signaling.
- This interaction can influence nuclear activity, affecting processes like DNA transcription.
Fibronectins
- Fibronectins are prevalent adhesive glycoproteins, existing in soluble, insoluble, or intermediate states.
- All fibronectins are derived from a single gene, with variations arising from RNA processing.
- Each fibronectin consists of two polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds and exhibits different structural domains.
De Novo Synthesis
- Refers to building large molecules from basic components, such as synthesizing polysaccharides from monosaccharides and proteins from amino acids.
Laminins
- Laminins are adhesive proteoglycans situated in the basal lamina of the ECM, separating epithelial cells from connective tissue.
Glycocalyx
- Glycocalyx refers to a carbohydrate-rich zone outside animal cell plasma membranes, vital for cell adhesion, recognition, protection, and permeability.
- Composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids, it encases the cell membrane.
Cadherins
- Cadherins are calcium-dependent adhesion molecules crucial for forming adherens junctions and connecting neighboring cells.
Plasmodesmata
- Plasmodesmata are channels between adjacent plant cell walls, facilitating material exchange between cells.
- These structures are essential during tissue development and migration of cells.
Proteoglycans
- Proteoglycans modulate the function of signaling molecules, binding growth factors to influence cell signaling.
- Composed of glycosaminoglycans linked to proteins, they attract water, aiding in creating a gel-like matrix.
ECM Composition and Functionality
- Extracellular structures include cell walls, membranes, and ECM, derived from cellular secretions of proteins, polysaccharides, and glycoproteins.
- Key macromolecules in ECM comprise structural protein fibers (collagen and elastin), proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins (laminins and fibronectins).
- Variability in ECM composition allows for diverse functional properties, playing a crucial role in tissue stability, cell migration, proliferation, and shape.
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Description
This quiz explores the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the assembly of collagen within connective tissues such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. It covers the process of procollagen secretion, the action of collagen peptidase, and the formation of fibrils and fibers. Test your understanding of these essential components of the connective tissue.
