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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of non-verbal communication?

To analyze personality traits verbally

To determine the cultural background of individuals

To communicate intentionally or unintentionally without words (correct)

To express emotions through words

Which of the following is not a channel of non-verbal communication?

Written language (correct)

Facial expressions

Eye gaze

Gestures

What phenomenon does 'thin slicing' refer to?

Analyzing a person's actions through detailed observation over time

Evaluating behavior by considering the individual’s background

Making snap judgments based on brief samples of behavior (correct)

The process of making long-term conclusions from extensive interactions

Which concept explains the tendency to stick with initial assessments despite contradictory information?

Belief perseverance Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the father of attribution theory?

Fritz Heider Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primacy effect in first impressions?

The first information learned significantly influences later perceptions Signup and view all the answers

What does causal attribution study primarily focus on?

Inferring reasons behind people's behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of non-verbal communication?

It can be expressed through verbal communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of self-serving attributions?

Credit internal factors for success and blame external factors for failures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the bias blind spot?

Thinking others are more affected by biases than oneself Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive style is characterized by a focus on the context and relationships between elements?

Holistic thinking Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural values influence thinking styles according to the content?

Individualistic cultures foster analytic thinking styles Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of attributional bias shows cultural differences?

There are variations in self-serving attributions across cultures Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the fundamental attribution error in cross-cultural contexts?

Members of collectivist cultures are more aware of situational causes Signup and view all the answers

What role does culture play in social perception according to social psychologists?

Culture shapes how individuals perceive themselves and their surroundings Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cognitive abilities is associated with analytical thinkers?

Evaluating organized information to solve problems Signup and view all the answers

What does internal attribution suggest about a person's behavior?

It is a result of the person's attitude or character. Signup and view all the answers

What does the covariation model focus on when assessing behavior?

Multiple behaviors in varied contexts. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the tendency to overestimate personal traits in explaining others' behavior?

Fundamental attribution error. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of perceptual salience in observing behavior?

It decreases awareness of situational factors. Signup and view all the answers

The correspondence bias refers to the tendency to:

Assume a direct link between personality and behavior. Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is external attribution most likely applied?

A worker is late because of heavy traffic. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is primarily concerned with how observers infer an individual's disposition?

Correspondent inference theory. Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception does the fundamental attribution error highlight?

Individuals are solely defined by their personalities. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Non-Verbal Communication

The primary focus of non-verbal communication is conveying meaning beyond spoken words.
Channels of non-verbal communication include facial expressions, body language, tone of voice, and proximity.
"Thin slicing" refers to the ability to form accurate impressions of others based on brief observations.
The "primacy effect" refers to the tendency for first impressions to have a disproportionate influence on later judgments.
Non-verbal communication is often unintentional.
Non-verbal communication is ambiguous due to the variety of interpretations.

Attribution Theory

Attribution theory investigates how people explain the causes of events and behaviors, especially those of others.
The "fundamental attribution error" refers to overemphasizing dispositional factors and underestimating situational factors when explaining others' behavior.
The "correspondence bias" is another term for the fundamental attribution error.
"Perceptual salience" describes how easily we notice and remember information in our immediate environment, which influences our attributions.
The "covariation model" analyzes how we look for consistent patterns in behavior across different situations to understand the cause.
The "self-serving bias" refers to attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.
The "bias blind spot" describes our tendency to recognize the impact of biases on others but not ourselves.

Thinking Styles

"Analytic thinking" focuses on the individual elements and attributes of an object or situation.
"Holistic thinking" focuses on the relationships between elements, emphasizing context and how the elements interact with each other.

Culture and Thinking Styles

Cultural values influence thinking styles.
Different cultures may place more emphasis on individualistic or collectivist values.
Cross-cultural differences exist in the attribution bias.
The fundamental attribution error might be more pronounced in individualistic cultures.
Culture shapes social perception through our experiences, values, and beliefs.

Causal Attribution

Fritz Heider is considered the father of attribution theory.
The "primacy effect" in first impressions highlights that the first information we receive about someone tends to have a stronger influence on our impression of them than later information.
The core focus of causal attribution is to understand how individuals explain the causes of events or behavior.
When explaining behavior, internal attribution suggests that a person's actions are caused by their own abilities, personality, or intentions.
External attribution suggests that a person's behavior is caused by external factors like the situation or circumstances.
The "correspondence bias" describes the tendency to infer personality traits from observed behavior, even when situational factors might be more relevant.