Eating Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of middle and high school girls reported problems with body image?

  • 50%
  • 30%
  • 41.5% (correct)
  • 20%

    • What percentage of middle and high school boys reported problems with body image?

  • 30%
  • 40%
  • 24.9% (correct)
  • 15%

    • What is the purported role of personal (eating) choices/habits in appearance/weight?

  • Irrelevant
  • Minimally considered
  • Strongly emphasized (correct)
  • Not relevant

    • What does the AMA disavow as a measure of individual health?

    <p>BMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate goal in (severe) AN treatment?

    <p>Stabilizing and/or increasing weight to address acute health concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended length of treatment for AN?

    <p>1-2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Family-Based Therapy (FBT) for AN?

    <p>Anorexia viewed as an interpersonal (vs. individual) problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of medication in the treatment of AN?

    <p>Antidepressants can be helpful for some with BN, but no strong evidence they are effective for AN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common 'side effect' of Vyvanse in the treatment of BED?

    <p>Decreased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of prevention efforts for eating disorders?

    <p>Confronting and de-emphasizing unrealistic beauty standards, diet culture, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of patients with severe eating disorders committed to a hospital for treatment against their will?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential benefit of adding ERP to CBT in the treatment of eating disorders?

    <p>It can increase efficacy of CBT, at least in the short term</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment intensity for AN?

    <p>High intensity, individual treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential role of olanzapine in the treatment of AN?

    <p>It can be beneficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of eating disorders?

    <p>Challenging societal ideals of thinness; beliefs about food, dieting, and weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of psychoeducational approaches in the prevention of eating disorders?

    <p>Early education about the dangers of eating disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is linked to reinforced restricted eating and compulsive exercise in Anorexia Nervosa (AN)?

    <p>Low levels of endogenous opioids (endorphins)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is related to feelings of satiety and low levels of its metabolites are found in Anorexia Nervosa (AN)?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are partially heritable in terms of eating disorders?

    <p>Body dissatisfaction, desire for thinness, binge eating, and weight preoccupation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is linked to difficulties in emotion regulation and feelings of self-control in individuals with eating disorders?

    <p>Patterns of reinforcement such as restricted eating, excessive exercise, and binges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not specific to eating disorders but may precede disordered eating in some cases?

    <p>High levels of family conflict and low levels of family support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a role in the development of eating disorders according to the text?

    <p>Diet culture, intense weight stigma, and gender objectification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is at greater risk for major depression, substance use disorders, and OCD?

    <p>Relatives of those with eating disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is strongly genetically overlapped with eating disorders according to the text?

    <p>OCD, schizophrenia, negative affectivity, and metabolic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not specific to eating disorders but contributes to disordered eating and poor mental health?

    <p>Unrealistic media portrayals of bodies and weight stigma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is less likely to seek treatment for eating disorders according to the text?

    <p>Men and people with higher BMIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are individuals with eating disorders often pessimistic about according to the text?

    <p>Their potential for recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifetime prevalence of Anorexia Nervosa (AN) in the US?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does Anorexia Nervosa (AN) typically have an average onset?

    <p>14-20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the worldwide lifetime prevalence of Binge Eating Disorder (BED)?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which gender is Binge Eating Disorder (BED) more common?

    <p>Women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the most medically dangerous diagnoses in the DSM, with mortality rates 5-10x higher than the general population?

    <p>Anorexia Nervosa (AN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) recover?

    <p>50-75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the worldwide lifetime prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa (BN)?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does Bulimia Nervosa (BN) typically have an average onset?

    <p>15-24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals with Bulimia Nervosa (BN) recover?

    <p>75-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Binge Eating Disorder (BED) involve?

    <p>Frequent binging without compensatory behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gender ratio for Anorexia Nervosa (AN) in the US?

    <p>3+:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is associated with being outgoing and sociable?

    <p>Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is associated with being somewhat careless?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is associated with being helpful and unselfish with others?

    <p>Agreeableness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is associated with worrying a lot?

    <p>Negative Affectivity (Neuroticism)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Diathesis of biologically grounded emotion dysregulation in Linehan’s “Biopsychosocial Model” primarily influenced by?

    <p>Genetic vulnerability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Avoidant PD as compared to Social Anxiety Disorder according to Chambless et al. (2008)?

    <p>More severe and chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Ironic effect mentioned in the text?

    <p>Behaviors aimed at seeking validation often produce rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the analogy used to describe people with BPD in the text?

    <p>People with BPD are like people with third degree burns over 90% of their bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did DSM-5 consider but ultimately declined to do regarding psychopathy features?

    <p>Incorporating more psychopathy features into diagnostic criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which myth about psychopathy and prison is debunked?

    <p>People in prison are less likely to meet DSM ASPD criteria than Cleckley’s criteria for psychopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research on psychopathy historically suffer from?

    <p>Biased sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a moderately heritable trait that overlaps with risk for substance use problems?

    <p>Psychopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the strongest predictor of adult ASPD diagnoses?

    <p>Number of antisocial behaviors in childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do GxE interactions in ASPD refer to?

    <p>Interaction between genetic and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are environmental risk factors for psychopathy?

    <p>Parental rejection, abuse, neglect, and inconsistent discipline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the facets of narcissism?

    <p>Grandiosity and vulnerability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of prevention efforts for psychopathy?

    <p>Early intervention for childhood antisocial behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of biological parents in shaping offspring’s lives?

    <p>Through genes and shaping early environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did research on psychopathy historically suffer from?

    <p>Biased sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for ASPD?

    <p>Exposure to violence in the family environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifetime prevalence of personality disorders in the past 2-5 years?

    <p>10-12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to the etiology of personality disorders?

    <p>Genetic contributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals with personality disorders meet criteria for another PD?

    <p>Over 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common diagnosis for individuals who seem to meet the broad criteria for a personality disorder but don't meet criteria for any specific PD?

    <p>Unspecified Personality Disorder (UPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant issue with the current DSM approach to personality disorders?

    <p>Lack of integration with modern personality science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stability of personality disorders compared to other classes of disorders?

    <p>Not especially stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic category for individuals who need to endorse 5 of 9 criteria for diagnosis?

    <p>Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue with the diagnostic criteria for personality disorders?

    <p>Too broad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to diagnostic unreliability of personality disorders?

    <p>Imprecise criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge posed by the high rate of comorbidity with other DSM disorders?

    <p>Diagnostic overlap in symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in the current approach to diagnosing personality disorders?

    <p>Lack of integration with modern personality science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals diagnosed with BPD report at least one suicide attempt?

    <p>Almost 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gender ratio of individuals diagnosed with BPD in clinical settings?

    <p>75% women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the core dimensions included in a dimensional model of BPD?

    <p>Emotion dysregulation, self-identity disturbance, and interpersonal problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the DSM-5 working group's BPD proposal?

    <p>Criteria for self/interpersonal impairment and pathological personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with high rates of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior?

    <p>BPD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of individuals diagnosed with BPD who end their lives by suicide?

    <p>8-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may confer predisposition to temperament and personality traits associated with BPD?

    <p>Genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is evident in individuals with BPD according to evidence?

    <p>Diminished connectivity of brain regions involved in emotion experience and regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are highly correlated with BPD according to the text?

    <p>Environmental risk factors such as childhood maltreatment and abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed role of olanzapine in the treatment of BPD?

    <p>Emotion regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of psychoeducational approaches in the treatment of BPD?

    <p>Interpersonal challenges and consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are individuals with BPD more likely to have compared to the general population?

    <p>High comorbidity with other disorders such as mood, anxiety, substance use, and eating disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the DSM-5 committee recommend for identifying and describing personality disorders?

    <p>A shift towards a dimensional system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many personality disorders did the AMPD reduce the number to?

    <p>6 out of 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the AMPD focus on in relation to long-standing dysfunction?

    <p>How personality traits might explain difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many broad trait domains does the AMPD emphasize?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the dimensions in the AMPD provide in comparison to traditional methods?

    <p>More specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How was the AMPD proposal received by the DSM-5 Task Force?

    <p>Rejected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many comments were received during two months of public comments on the AMPD proposal?

    <p>Approximately 8,600</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the criticisms faced by the AMPD proposal?

    <p>Complex and incoherent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the AMPD proposal criticized for in terms of the group of disorders?

    <p>Eliminating half of the group of disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the AMPD not the only one of?

    <p>Alternative framework or dimensional model proposed for personality disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the proposal generate debate about in terms of the ethics of conceptualizing and diagnosing personality disorders?

    <p>The stigma associated with personality disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the text discuss specifically in relation to personality disorders?

    <p>Schizotypal and psychopathy, and their overlap and differences with other disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the DSM-5 committee recommend for identifying and describing personality disorders?

    <p>A dimensional system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many personality disorders did the AMPD reduce to from the DSM-IV PDs?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the AMPD focus on in relation to dysfunction and personality traits?

    <p>Long-standing dysfunction and how personality traits might explain these difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many broad trait domains are emphasized in the AMPD?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the dimensions in the AMPD provide in comparison to the previous system?

    <p>More specificity, richer index of 'how much', and higher internal consistency and test-retest stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How was the AMPD proposal received by the DSM-5 Task Force?

    <p>Rejected and relegated to an obscure appendix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a criticism of the AMPD proposal?

    <p>Being complex and incoherent, with concerns about its clinical utility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the criticism related to the number of disorders eliminated by the AMPD?

    <p>Eliminating half of the group of disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the response of the proposal generating debate about the ethics of conceptualizing and diagnosing personality disorders?

    <p>It generated debate about the ethics of conceptualizing and diagnosing a person’s 'personality' as 'disordered'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the AMPD in relation to other proposed frameworks for personality disorders?

    <p>Not the only alternative framework or dimensional model proposed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the rejection of the AMPD generate in terms of feedback?

    <p>Significant pushback, with approximately 8,600 comments received during two months of public comments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the specific personality disorders discussed in the text?

    <p>Schizotypal and psychopathy, and their overlap and differences with other disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance was available in Europe around 10,000 years ago?

    <p>Opium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what region were coca leaves chewed for cocaine around 8,000 years ago?

    <p>Peru</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is listed in the DSM-5?

    <p>Cannabis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which quote reflects a struggle with alcohol use disorder?

    <p>“Alcohol ruined me financially and morally...” – Craig Ferguson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of AA/NA treatment?

    <p>Abstinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it challenging to conduct research on the effectiveness of AA?

    <p>Emphasis on anonymity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reported effectiveness of AA based on?

    <p>Anecdotal information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of harm reduction programs in the context of substance use?

    <p>Reducing the negative consequences of substance use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'Drunken monkey hypothesis' related to?

    <p>Evolution of human brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the long-term, what reinforces and maintains substance use?

    <p>Activation of dopamine circuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the human brain most vulnerable to the long-term effects of drugs?

    <p>During adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is historically separated out from other psychopathologies?

    <p>Substance use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is associated with biochemical changes affecting neuronal sensitivity in substance use disorders?

    <p>Tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the DSM-5 combine into a single diagnosis of substance use disorder?

    <p>Substance abuse disorder and substance dependence disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for over 480,000 deaths per year in the US, including nearly 30% of all cancer deaths?

    <p>Cigarette smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do nearly all addictive drugs, including alcohol, stimulate in the brain?

    <p>Dopamine-mediated brain systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory emphasizes the distinction between liking (pleasure) and wanting (craving) in substance use disorders?

    <p>Incentive sensitization theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with chronic, heavy alcohol use?

    <p>Declining cognitive functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a role in substance use disorders, with heritability estimates higher in environments with fewer constraints on behavior?

    <p>Genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do substance use disorders involve, affecting decision-making and learning?

    <p>A bias toward non-drug-related stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of prevention efforts for substance use disorders?

    <p>Reducing exposure to drug-related cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a controversial topic among researchers in the field of addiction?

    <p>Behavioral addictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the variability in alcohol-related consequences not solely explained by?

    <p>The quantity of alcohol use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key term associated with substance use disorders and refers to the need for higher doses to achieve the same effect?

    <p>Tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often the initial stage of treatment for substance use disorders?

    <p>Detox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common approach in the treatment of substance use disorders?

    <p>Cognitive behavioral therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences drinking behavior and is often established in childhood?

    <p>Alcohol expectancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals with substance use disorders receive treatment from a mental health professional?

    <p>18%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the treatment goals for substance use disorders?

    <p>Complete abstinence, reduced use, or harm reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor associated with increased substance use?

    <p>Family factors such as parental alcohol use and lack of emotional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of factors contribute to substance use?

    <p>Environmental and sociocultural factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential use of medications in the treatment of substance use disorders?

    <p>Reducing cravings or blocking receptor binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a developmental pathway to substance use?

    <p>Internalizing and externalizing pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of effective treatment for substance use disorders?

    <p>Addressing multiple needs of the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often affiliative and influenced by peer factors and sociocultural attitudes?

    <p>Substance use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential goal of treatment for substance use disorders?

    <p>Complete abstinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Kurt Snyder use to describe his divergence from reality?

    <p>Psychotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the detailed clinical description of 'dementia praecox'?

    <p>Emil Kraeplin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Eugen Bleuler coin in 1911?

    <p>Schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kurt Snyder wonder about his whole existence?

    <p>Whether it was manufactured by a virtual reality machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of early antipsychotics?

    <p>Reduce positive and disorganization symptoms, but little or no effect on negative symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common property of many antipsychotic medications?

    <p>Block dopamine D2 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concern associated with long-term use of antipsychotics?

    <p>Their long-term effects on the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of some novel medications targeting systems other than dopamine/serotonin?

    <p>To initiate downstream changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended as a combination with medication in current treatment recommendations?

    <p>Psychosocial intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature not unique to schizophrenia according to the text?

    <p>Psychosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is schizophrenia influenced by, according to the text?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of prevention efforts for schizophrenia, according to the text?

    <p>Early intervention/prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the impairment associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>It is driven more by social factors than by schizophrenia itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge for schizophrenia research and clinical practice, according to the text?

    <p>Multiple etiologic pathways to a set of overlapping symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gender ratio of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia in clinical settings?

    <p>Higher in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of effective community programs for schizophrenia, according to the text?

    <p>Facilitate recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main symptom clusters that characterize schizophrenia?

    <p>Positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do negative symptoms of schizophrenia involve?

    <p>Reductions in motivation, pleasure, and social closeness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are examples of positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>Delusions and hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some consequences experienced by individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>High rates of substance use, unemployment, housing insecurity, and incarceration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are schizophrenia spectrum disorders that are mentioned in the text?

    <p>Schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some etiological factors mentioned in relation to schizophrenia?

    <p>High heritability, genetic vulnerability, and environmental stressors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gender prevalence of schizophrenia?

    <p>Affects men slightly more often than women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia encompass?

    <p>Catatonia and disorganized behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of schizophrenia like among individuals?

    <p>Varies greatly among individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the consequences of receiving a schizophrenia diagnosis?

    <p>Profound and lasting effects on individuals' perceptions of themselves and their future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the challenges related to early detection and intervention of schizophrenia?

    <p>Varied course of the disorder among individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the revised dopamine hypothesis attribute excessive presynaptic synthesis of dopamine to?

    <p>Positive and disorganized symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural abnormality is observed in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia?

    <p>Reduction in gray matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with worse neuropsychological performance and functioning in some individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Enlarged ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is found in first-degree relatives of those with schizophrenia?

    <p>High stress reactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental influence on neurodevelopment may contribute to schizophrenia?

    <p>Maternal stress and malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cannabis use during adolescence associated with in relation to schizophrenia?

    <p>Greater schizophrenia risk and symptom severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural and functional abnormalities are observed in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Temporal cortex and reduced hippocampal volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential contributor to loss of dendritic spines and connectivity in brain white matter observed in schizophrenia?

    <p>Early environmental influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may impact schizophrenia manifestations and outcomes?

    <p>Poverty and urbanicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the glutamate hypothesis suggest in relation to schizophrenia?

    <p>Interactions with dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter implicated in the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the genetic variants associated with risk in GWAS not fully account for in schizophrenia heritability?

    <p>Schizophrenia heritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Eating Disorders: Clinical Description and Epidemiology

    • Eating disorders are characterized by psychological addiction to behaviors affecting the body and mind
    • Anorexia Nervosa (AN) may not cause overt distress and can be a source of personal satisfaction or pride
    • "Atypical anorexia" can occur in overweight individuals, leading to underdiagnosis and treatment delays
    • Binge Eating Disorder (BED) involves frequent binging without compensatory behaviors
    • Many with eating disorders experience diagnostic crossover, meeting criteria for different disorders over time
    • AN has a lifetime prevalence of <1% in the US, with a gender ratio of 3+:1 and an average onset of 14-20
    • BN has a worldwide lifetime prevalence of ~1%, with a large gender gap and an average onset of 15-24
    • BED has a worldwide lifetime prevalence of ~2%, more common in women, with a slightly later average age of onset
    • Eating disorders are associated with increased risk for negative consequences and comorbidity with other mental disorders
    • AN is one of the most medically dangerous diagnoses in the DSM, with mortality rates 5-10x higher than the general population
    • Prognosis for AN: 50-75% recover, relapse is common, and there is a high rate of suicide
    • Prognosis for BN: ~75% recover, early intervention associated with improved outcomes, and suicide attempts are made in 25-30% of cases

    Reforming the Diagnosis of Personality Disorders: The AMPD and its Controversy

    • The DSM-5 committee recommended a shift towards a dimensional system for identifying and describing personality disorders.
    • The Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) reduced the number of PDs to 6 out of the 10 DSM-IV PDs.
    • The AMPD focuses on long-standing dysfunction and how personality traits might explain these difficulties.
    • It emphasizes two types of dimensional ratings: 5 broad trait domains and 25 narrower facets of those traits.
    • The dimensions in the AMPD provide more specificity, richer index of “how much” and have higher internal consistency and test-retest stability.
    • The AMPD proposal was unanimously approved by the PD working group but was rejected by the DSM-5 Task Force and relegated to an obscure appendix.
    • The rejection of the AMPD generated significant pushback, with approximately 8,600 comments received during two months of public comments.
    • The proposal faced criticism for being complex and incoherent, with clinicians and researchers expressing concerns about its clinical utility.
    • The proposal was criticized for eliminating half of the group of disorders and received opposition from those invested in the status quo.
    • The AMPD is not the only alternative framework or dimensional model proposed for personality disorders.
    • The proposal generated debate about the ethics of conceptualizing and diagnosing a person’s “personality” as “disordered”, and the stigma associated with personality disorders among mental health professionals and researchers.
    • The text also discusses specific personality disorders, such as schizotypal and psychopathy, and their overlap and differences with other disorders.

    Substance Use Disorders: Factors, Treatment, and Outcomes

    • Alcohol expectancies influence drinking behavior and are often established in childhood
    • Personality dimensions like negative affectivity and low constraint predict the onset of substance use disorders
    • Family factors such as parental alcohol use, modeling, and lack of emotional support are associated with increased substance use
    • Substance use is often affiliative, influenced by peer factors and sociocultural attitudes
    • Environmental and sociocultural factors, including availability and stress, contribute to substance use
    • Developmental pathways to substance use include internalizing and externalizing pathways
    • Only 18% of those with substance use disorders receive treatment from a mental health professional
    • Treatment goals may include complete abstinence, reduced use, or harm reduction
    • Detox is often the initial stage of treatment, and medications may be used to reduce cravings or block receptor binding
    • Psychotherapy, including cognitive behavioral therapies and relapse prevention training, is a common treatment approach
    • Residential care can be expensive and controversial, with its effectiveness compared to outpatient care not clear
    • Effective treatment should address multiple needs of the individual, including environmental factors, social relationships, and comorbid disorders

    Understanding Schizophrenia: Insights into Causes and Manifestations

    • Genetic variants associated with risk in GWAS do not fully account for schizophrenia heritability
    • Dopamine hypothesis suggested excess dopamine levels as the cause of schizophrenia
    • Revised dopamine hypothesis attributes excessive presynaptic synthesis of dopamine to positive and disorganized symptoms
    • Glutamate hypothesis suggests interactions with dopamine in schizophrenia
    • Enlarged ventricles correlated with worse neuropsychological performance and functioning in some with schizophrenia
    • Reduction in gray matter and overall volume observed in prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia
    • Structural and functional abnormalities in the temporal cortex and reduced hippocampal volume observed in some with schizophrenia
    • High stress reactivity found in first-degree relatives of those with schizophrenia
    • Loss of dendritic spines and connectivity in brain white matter observed in schizophrenia
    • Early environmental influences on neurodevelopment, such as maternal stress and malnutrition, may contribute to schizophrenia
    • Cannabis use during adolescence associated with greater schizophrenia risk and symptom severity
    • Environmental and sociocultural factors, such as poverty and urbanicity, impact schizophrenia manifestations and outcomes

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    Related Documents

    Harmful Eating Behaviors PDF
    Personality Disorders PDF
    Harmful Substance Use (Alcohol Focus) PDF
    Psychosis and Schizophrenia Spectrum PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of eating disorders with this quiz on their clinical description and epidemiology. Learn about anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and bulimia nervosa, as well as their prevalence, gender ratios, onset age, and associated risks.

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