Eating Disorders Overview

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes Anorexia Nervosa regarding body weight perception?

Individuals do not experience any body image distortion.

Individuals feel they are overweight despite being significantly underweight. (correct)

Individuals are primarily focused on muscle gain.

Individuals believe they are at a healthy weight.

How does the binge/purge type of Anorexia Nervosa differ from Bulimia Nervosa?

Bulimia nervosa is diagnosed primarily in underweight individuals.

Bulimia nervosa does not allow any purging behaviors.

Anorexia nervosa does not involve binge eating at all. (correct)

Anorexia nervosa involves more severe weight loss. (correct)

What is a significant feature of the restricting type of Anorexia Nervosa?

Individuals binge eat before purging.

Individuals refuse to eat to gain weight.

Eating behaviors are solely for survival or external pressure. (correct)

Individuals maintain a normal weight while restricting food.

What is the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Anorexia Nervosa severity?

Anorexia severity is mild if BMI is 17kg/m2 or higher. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of Restraint Theory?

Weight set points are adjusted based on dietary restrictions. Signup and view all the answers

Why are individuals with Binge Eating Disorder (BED) discouraged from dieting in the initial treatment phase?

Dieting can exacerbate the disorder's symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of participants initially diagnosed with a purging eating disorder later received a non-purging diagnosis?

53.7% Signup and view all the answers

Which eating disorder diagnosis exhibited the highest stability among participants?

Anorexia nervosa Signup and view all the answers

Under which conditions may someone receive a diagnosis of other specified feeding or eating disorder?

When they exhibit behaviors of multiple eating disorders but lack full criteria. Signup and view all the answers

Which group had a higher recovery rate according to the findings?

Participants with a non-purging type of disorder Signup and view all the answers

What common characteristic was noted among the diagnoses of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and EDNOS?

Participants frequently moved between these diagnoses. Signup and view all the answers

What was one noted limitation of the current diagnostic scheme for eating disorders?

Minor changes in weight or behavior can lead to different diagnoses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of manipulating factors in experimental studies related to eating disorders?

To determine if a specific factor activates a transient symptom. Signup and view all the answers

What was observed regarding the reward systems in individuals with anorexia?

They demonstrate cross-sectional differences from healthy controls. Signup and view all the answers

How might mindset influence brain reward systems in healthy individuals?

It impacts physiological responses to food stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature of studies showing reward processing abnormalities in anorexia?

They primarily indicate a correlation that could be influenced by starvation. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does inhibition training have on individuals who crave chocolate?

It reduces 'go' associations and chocolate intake. Signup and view all the answers

What is often inadequate for the effective recovery from an eating disorder?

Achieving weight restoration alone without addressing underlying factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of removing causal factors in individuals with subclinical symptoms?

Symptoms will decrease if the factor is indeed causal. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of mindset influences eating behavior and reward processing?

Top-down processes that regulate food-related thoughts. Signup and view all the answers

What role does mirror exposure play for individuals high in body dissatisfaction?

It enhances body satisfaction. Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when anorexic individuals expose themselves to food cues but refrain from eating?

Appetitive extinction Signup and view all the answers

How does prolonged exposure to tasty food cues without eating affect reward activity in the brain?

It reduces reward activity Signup and view all the answers

What psychological mechanism primarily differentiates between habitual anorexia and binge eating patterns?

Cognitive reappraisal of food Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of restriction on binge eating according to retrospective studies?

Increased calorie intake upon resuming eating Signup and view all the answers

What often follows the reintroduction of high-calorie foods to someone with a history of dieting?

Heightened response to food cues Signup and view all the answers

Which factor may contribute to relapse after treatment for clinical anorexia?

Context-dependent nature of extinction Signup and view all the answers

What misconception exists regarding the relationship between eating restraint and binge eating?

Restraint causes relinquishment of satiety cues Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested as a potential psychological response when a dieter consumes forbidden foods?

Increased likelihood of subsequent binge eating Signup and view all the answers

What flaw exists in studies that conclude dieting causes binge eating?

They don't manipulate eating restraint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the behavior of anorexic patients regarding food stimuli?

Exposure to food without consumption Signup and view all the answers

What do studies indicate about the relationship between dieting and overeating?

Overeating can lead to dieting as a response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of calorie restriction according to the findings regarding health measures?

It benefits body weight, body fat, and cardiovascular markers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of self-reported restrained eaters?

They exhibit symptoms of binge eating. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the concept of food cue reactivity?

A response to cues that signal food, enhancing cravings. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the effects of experimental calorie restrictions on appetite?

Appetite increases during calorie restriction compared to weight-stable controls. Signup and view all the answers

How does calorie restriction affect measures of aging and age-related diseases in humans?

It demonstrates beneficial effects over a 6-month period. Signup and view all the answers

What role does individual predisposition play in food cue reactivity?

It may arise from genetic factors or learned responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding clinical interventions aimed at weight loss?

They can increase dietary restraint and lead to weight loss. Signup and view all the answers

In which group is food cue reactivity particularly stronger?

Binge eaters and obese individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary outcome of 6 months of calorie restriction based on human studies?

Improved insulin and cholesterol levels. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Task 7 - The Diet Paradox

Eating disorders often involve fluctuating between different criteria, and many individuals exhibit disordered eating behaviors without meeting diagnostic criteria.
Anorexia nervosa is characterized by self-starvation, distorted body image, and intense fear of weight gain, with body weight significantly below normal.
- Restricting type: avoids food or overexercises to prevent weight gain
- Binge-purge type: engages in both binge eating and purging behaviors to control weight.
  - Binges aren't necessarily large meals, and individuals may feel they binged even with small amounts of food.
Bulimia nervosa involves recurring episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain, like self-induced vomiting or excessive exercise. People with bulimia are typically at normal or slightly overweight weight.
- Binges can vary significantly in size, from 1200-4000 calories at a time.
- Bulimic individuals aren't typically as concerned about body image as those with anorexia.
Binge-eating disorder involves recurring episodes of binge eating without compensatory behaviors. This disorder may involve consuming food rapidly while feeling uncomfortably full, frequently eating alone out of embarrassment, and experiencing guilt afterward. People with binge-eating disorder are often significantly overweight.
Other specified feeding or eating disorders encompass disordered eating behaviors that don't completely align with established eating disorder categories. Symptoms may include partial-syndrome eating disorders, where individuals exhibit some eating disorder symptoms, but not enough to meet all the criteria.
- Night eating disorder is a type of other specified feeding or eating disorder, involves eating excessively after dinner.

Etiology of Eating Disorders

Biological factors: eating disorders often run in families, with a heritability rate of 56% (anorexia) and 41% (binging).
Puberty may trigger eating disorders, and puberty creates major changes in girls, including biology and interactions with those around them.
Brain function, especially in the hypothalamus, is implicated in eating regulation. Disordered eating is linked to disordered activity of neurons and neurochemicals.
Malnutrition during adolescence can result in brain shrinking and problems with emotional regulation and social interactions.

Cultural and Psychological Factors

Cultural ideals of thinness affect the likelihood of an eating disorder.
Body image concerns increase risk, particularly for women.
Media portrayals influence perceptions of beauty, mostly with thinner body styles.
Peer group pressures and family dynamics can interact to influence eating behaviors.
Perfectionism and low self-esteem contribute to the development of eating disorders in adolescence.
- Athletes are at greater risk for eating disorders, especially those in sports where weight is a significant factor.

Treatments for Eating Disorders

Psychotherapy is often used, various forms (e.g., CBT,IPT) help manage behaviors, thoughts, and relationships to treat eating disorders, especially the underlying issues associated with them. Family therapy also can help.
Medication can ease some emotional symptoms, SSRIs are sometimes useful.
Medications focused on preventing relapse, like antipsychotics, are also used.
Nutritional counseling and behavioural weight loss therapy can assist with restoring healthy eating habits.

Issues with Eating Disorder Diagnoses

Eating disorders are often chronic (long-lasting), and symptoms fluctuate over time.
Patients may transition between different eating disorder types, indicating a common underlying issue.
- Diagnostic instability is frequent.
Diagnosis criteria can overlap, making clear distinctions difficult.
Diagnostic criteria can be used inadequately and cause errors, as minor changes can result in completely different eating disorder diagnoses.

The Role of Dieting

Restraint theory suggests dieting can contribute to binge eating by creating a conflict between conscious dietary restrictions and physiological hunger signals.
Experiments suggest that the act of breaking a diet actually increases food consumption as an overcompensation for previous deprivation.
Diets often trigger a cycle of deprivation, overeating, and guilt.

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Description

Explore the complexities of eating disorders, including anorexia and bulimia. This quiz covers criteria, behaviors, and the nuances of disordered eating patterns. Understand the psychological and physiological impacts of these conditions.