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What is the primary characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a psychological feature of generalized anxiety disorder?
What is the primary difference between a phobia and generalized anxiety disorder?
Which of the following is a risk factor for anxiety?
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What is the common consequence of untreated anxiety?
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What type of condition is anxiety?
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What is the percentage of women aged 20-30 affected by bulimia nervosa?
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What is the main risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?
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What is the most common eating disorder?
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What is the lifetime expectancy of developing depression?
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What is the age range for the onset of bipolar disorder?
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What is the main cause of dementia in over 70% of cases?
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What is the sex ratio for depression?
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What is the treatment for dementia?
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What is the main clinical feature of Parkinson's disease?
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What is the dental relevance for depression?
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What is the lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia?
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What is the percentage of dementia cases due to Alzheimer's disease?
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What is the risk of suicide for people with anorexia nervosa?
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What is the age range for the onset of schizophrenia?
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What is anorexia nervosa?
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What is the dental complication of bulimia nervosa due to self-induced vomiting?
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What is the peak age incidence for anorexia nervosa?
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What is the main clinical feature of Alzheimer's disease?
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What is the dental relevance for schizophrenic patients?
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What is the sex ratio for anorexia nervosa?
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What is a common complication of IV drug misuse?
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What is a characteristic of a drug abuser?
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What is a method of detoxification?
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What is a factor affecting alcohol consumption?
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What is a CAGE question?
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What is a medical feature indicating alcohol dependence?
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What is a GDC responsibility related to drug and alcohol use?
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What is a component of the initial intervention in managing problem drinking?
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What is a component of controlling drinking/abstinence in managing problem drinking?
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What is a component of the support after withdrawal in managing problem drinking?
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Which of the following best describes psychological dependence?
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What is the term for the phenomenon where the body requires increasingly larger amounts of a substance to achieve the same effect?
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Which of the following is an example of a Class A drug?
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What is the term for the physical disturbances that occur when the amount of drug in the body is markedly reduced?
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Which of the following is a constitutional aetiology of drug dependence?
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What is the term for the therapeutic property of cannabis that helps patients with Multiple Sclerosis?
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Which of the following is a clinical feature of acute intoxication from cannabis?
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What is the treatment for ecstasy intoxication?
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What is the term for the dental complication that can arise from chewing Qat?
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Which of the following is a clinical feature of solvent abuse in teenagers?
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Study Notes
Anxiety Disorders
- Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD): a long-term condition characterized by feelings of anxiousness about a wide range of situations.
- Physical clinical features of GAD: dizziness, tachycardia, palpitations, diarrhea, dry mouth, headaches, and insomnia.
- Psychological features of GAD: aggression, lack of concentration, poor memory, loss of sleep, irritability, restlessness, and feelings of being on edge.
Phobias
- A phobia is an irrational fear of an object or situation that triggers severe anxiety.
Panic Disorder
- Panic disorder: episodes of intense anxiety or panic.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- OCD: recurring thoughts leading to a need to repeatedly perform certain acts.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- PTSD: anxiety caused by a stressful, frightening, or distressing event.
Risk Factors for Anxiety
- Positive or negative life events, drug misuse, hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, dysrhythmias, and increased adrenaline.
Clinical Features of Anxiety
- Tachycardia, dizziness, diarrhea, dry mouth, bruxism, dysphagia, aggression, irritation, poor concentration, reduced pain threshold, and sleep loss.
Treatment of Anxiety
- Sympathy, empathy, reassurance, giving patients control back, sedation for very anxious patients, and beta blockers.
Social Anxiety Disorder
- Fear of social situations.
Depression
- Sustained depression of mood, a unipolar mood disorder.
- Clinical features of depression: sustained lowering of mood, early morning waking, loss of concentration, anhedonia, suicidal thoughts, loss of appetite, lack of energy, and reduced libido.
Bipolar Disorder
- Alternating episodes of depression and euphoria.
Schizophrenia
- Psychosis, loss of contact with reality, characterized by hallucinations, disordered thoughts, and delusions.
Eating Disorders
- Anorexia nervosa: an eating disorder characterized by a need to keep weight as low as possible.
- Clinical features of anorexia nervosa: low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, lightheadedness, dizziness, and amenorrhoea.
- Bulimia nervosa: an eating disorder characterized by restricting food intake, then binge eating, and then self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse.
Dental Complications
- Dental complications of psychiatric disorders: poor dental attendance, poor oral hygiene, increased risk of smoking, alcohol abuse, and illegal drug abuse.
- Dental complications of eating disorders: dental erosion, salivary gland enlargement, and increased risk of fainting/postural hypotension.
Dementia
- Gradual deterioration of intellect, memory, and cognitive function in the absence of a disturbance of consciousness.
- Clinical features of dementia: impaired intellect, memory, and concentration, difficulty reading, writing, and speaking, and personality changes.
Alzheimer's Disease
- A degenerative disease, characterized by the death of brain cells, leading to memory loss and cognitive decline.
- Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: increased age, family history, previous head injury, smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolaemia.
Parkinson's Disease
- A neurological disorder, characterized by the death of dopamine-producing neurons, leading to tremors, rigidity, and hypokinesia.
- Clinical features of Parkinson's disease: tremor, rigidity, hypokinesia, postural changes, loss of facial expression, delayed swallowing, and depression.
Drug Abuse
- Drug abuse: the use of natural and synthetic substances to alter mental state.
- Classification of drugs: class A, B, and C, depending on the level of risk associated with their use.
Dental Complications of Drug Abuse
- Dental complications of drug abuse: dry mouth, oral ulceration, and oro-nasal fistula.
Treatment of Drug Abuse
- Treatment of drug abuse: rehydration, social support, and psychological support.
Qat
- Qat: a drug commonly used in Northern Yemen and Ethiopia, which can cause euphoria, abdominal pain, and constipation.
- Dental complications of Qat: plasma cell gingivitis, ulceration, and lichenoid reactions.
Solvents
- Solvents: substances that can be inhaled to produce a sense of euphoria, but can also cause hallucinations, coma, and depression.
IV Drug Misuse
- IV drug misuse: injecting drugs into the bloodstream, which can cause abscesses, thrombophlebitis, arterial spasm, septicaemia, infective endocarditis, and hepatitis.
Detoxification
- Detoxification: the process of allowing the body to rid itself of a drug, which can be done through dose reduction, symptomatic treatment, and inpatient treatment.
Rehabilitation
- Rehabilitation: the process of helping individuals overcome drug addiction, which can be done through leaving the drug culture, residential rehabilitation, and counseling.
Alcohol Use
- Alcohol use: a common drug that can be used in moderation, but can also lead to dependence and addiction.
CAGE Questions
- CAGE questions: a set of questions used to recognize drinking problems in patients, which include: Have you ever felt you should cut down on your drinking?, Have people annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?, Have you ever felt bad or guilty about your drinking?, and Do you need an eye-opener first thing in the morning?
Features of Alcohol Dependence
- Features of alcohol dependence: requests for medical certificates, marital and financial problems, prosecution for violent behavior, and medical features such as GI cirrhosis, pancreatitis, and cardiovascular disease.
Dental Features of Alcohol Dependence
- Dental features of alcohol dependence: poor attendance, mixing with other drugs, and oral cancer.
Psychiatric Features of Alcohol Dependence
- Psychiatric features of alcohol dependence: depression, personality change, hallucinations, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction.
GDC Responsibilities
- GDC responsibilities: raising concerns about a colleague's health, behavior, or professional performance, and acting on concerns to prevent poor practice.
Managing Problem Drinking
- Managing problem drinking: assessing alcohol consumption, providing information, giving advice, and controlling drinking/abstinence.
Detoxification
- Detoxification: the process of allowing the body to rid itself of alcohol, which can be done through daily supervision, multivitamins, and benzodiazepines.
Support After Withdrawal
- Support after withdrawal: primary healthcare team, community alcohol team, residential rehabilitation programs, voluntary organizations, and disulfiram.
Withdrawal Syndrome
- Withdrawal syndrome: a set of symptoms that occur when the body is deprived of alcohol, which can include headaches, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and tremors.
Delirium Tremens
- Delirium tremens: a severe and potentially life-threatening withdrawal syndrome, characterized by delirium, tremors, and hallucinations.
Complications of Delirium Tremens
- Complications of delirium tremens: fits, hyperthermia, dehydration, and shock.
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Description
Test your knowledge on anorexia nervosa, including its clinical features, suicide risk, and bulimia nervosa, an eating disorder associated with abnormal attitudes towards food and body image.
