Eating Disorders: Key Statistics and Risks
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Questions and Answers

What is the age group with the highest risk for the onset of eating disorders?

  • Seniors over 65
  • Adolescents and young adults (correct)
  • Children under 12
  • Middle-aged adults

    • Which eating disorder subtype is most prevalent?

  • Binge Eating Disorder
  • Anorexia Nervosa
  • Atypical eating disorders (correct)
  • Bulimia Nervosa

    • What percentage increase in hospital admissions for eating disorders was observed in boys and young men from 2015/16 to 2020/21?

  • 128% (correct)
  • 79%
  • 90%
  • 84%

    • How much higher is the incidence of Anorexia Nervosa in individuals with a family history of the disorder?

    <p>11 times higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT identified as a risk factor for developing eating disorders?

    <p>Frequent physical exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the overall percentage increase in hospital admissions for eating disorders in adults during 2015/16 to 2020/21?

    <p>79%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does gut health relate to eating disorders?

    <p>It regulates appetite and satiety through hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group exhibited the highest rate of increase in hospital admissions for eating disorders among children and young people?

    <p>Boys and young men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of elite athletes were found to have clinically significant symptoms of eating disorders?

    <p>22.8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group was found to be 2.5 times more likely to have an eating disorder diagnosis?

    <p>Women engaged in excessive exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor contributing to eating disorders is emphasized for elite athletes?

    <p>Promotion of strict dieting practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological model focuses on the impact of societal attitudes towards body image?

    <p>Objectification Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of experiences contribute to the socialization of women and girls into objectifying themselves?

    <p>Routine sexual objectification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological model is NOT mentioned in terms of explaining eating disorders?

    <p>Behavioral Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model?

    <p>Exploring relational dynamics affecting behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor related to elite sports can contribute to the development of eating disorders?

    <p>Endorsement of low body fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor related to childhood weight is suggested to be a more powerful predictor of developing an eating disorder than the child's actual weight?

    <p>Parental perception of the child being overweight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of abuse has been found to be a significant predictor of binge/purge symptomology in women?

    <p>Emotional abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research indicates that in-utero exposure to high levels of which hormone may be associated with later development of eating disorders?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has recent evidence suggested regarding the socioeconomic status of individuals with eating disorders?

    <p>Disordered eating occurs at similar rates across all income levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of parents is associated with a higher risk of their children developing eating disorders?

    <p>Drive for thinness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of female individuals diagnosed with AN or BN is markedly different compared to their healthy sisters before the onset of the disorder?

    <p>Perceived emotional connectedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been observed as a common psychological trait among individuals with eating disorders related to societal influences?

    <p>Endorsement of thin ideals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is suggested as a predictor for disordered eating behaviors in connection to food security?

    <p>Low food security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following criteria distinguishes Binge Eating Disorder (BED) from Bulimia Nervosa?

    <p>No compensatory behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of Anorexia Nervosa?

    <p>Restriction of energy intake resulting in significantly low weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a subtype of Anorexia Nervosa?

    <p>Avoidant type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological factors contribute to the maintenance of Anorexia Nervosa (AN) according to the cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model?

    <p>Rigidity in thinking and avoidance of emotional processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the effects of trying on swimsuits versus sweaters on women in the 1998 study?

    <p>Women experienced more body shame and self-objectification when trying on swimsuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior is commonly associated with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)?

    <p>Nutritional deficiencies and marked psychosocial interference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Bulimia Nervosa is accurate?

    <p>Weight control behaviors include vomiting and laxative misuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the cognitive model of Bulimia, what role do 'permissive thoughts' play in binge eating?

    <p>They facilitate continued binge eating by justifying the behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key symptom of Orthorexia Nervosa?

    <p>Distress linked to not following a strict healthy eating regimen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant focus of the MyBody, MyLife program for adolescent girls?

    <p>Discussing body image and eating concerns in a supportive environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistic is true regarding the prevalence of eating disorders in the UK?

    <p>Approximately 725,000 people are affected by eating disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the interpersonal model of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) suggest about the relationship between low self-esteem and binge eating?

    <p>Difficulties with social functioning precipitate low self-esteem, triggering binge eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention method uses a cognitive behavioral approach specifically to treat Bulimia Nervosa (BN)?

    <p>Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Orthorexia Nervosa from other eating disorders?

    <p>It is characterized by distress regarding perceived unhealthy foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to Anorexia Nervosa, what does the term 'significantly low weight' refer to?

    <p>Less than minimally normal weight for age and height.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the goals of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for Bulimia Nervosa?

    <p>To enhance motivation and set achievable goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of environment does the MyBody, MyLife program aim to cultivate during its group sessions?

    <p>Supportive and collaborative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term defines the eating disorder characterized by lack of interest in food and significant weight loss?

    <p>Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the cognitive model of Bulimia, what are negative automatic thoughts associated with?

    <p>Negative theories about the self, such as feeling unlovable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a core factor used in therapy based on the cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model for treating Anorexia Nervosa?

    <p>High levels of self-compassion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key emphasis of the Maudsley Model of AN Treatment for Adolescents and Young Adults (MANTRa)?

    <p>Involvement of parents and loved ones in treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what behavior can help in challenging negative self-beliefs?

    <p>Conducting behavioral 'experiments'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor contributing to eating disorder symptoms according to attachment theory?

    <p>Lack of attachment needs being met</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT identified as a factor contributing to body image concerns related to social media?

    <p>Increased self-acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary approach of the eating disorder-specific model of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT-ED)?

    <p>Creating healthy interactions with the social environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does negative social evaluation play in eating disorders?

    <p>It contributes to the disturbance of the self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What moderator can serve as protective against the negative effects of social media on body image?

    <p>Body appreciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding the treatment frequency included in the Maudsley Model?

    <p>It includes 20 weekly sessions followed by 4 monthly booster sessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Eating Disorders (ED)

    • EDs are a complex group of conditions with various subtypes
    • Prevalence and risk factors for EDs are discussed
    • Current psychological theories explaining EDs are explored
    • Available interventions for treating EDs, and future directions for research are addressed
    • Diagnostic criteria for different ED subtypes (Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge Eating Disorder, Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder, and Orthorexia Nervosa) are presented
    • Risk factors for developing EDs, including genetics, early childhood development, socioeconomic status, body image influence, elite sports participation, and abuse/trauma are covered
    • Gut health and its possible role in ED development/maintenance is highlighted
    • Current psychological theories of EDs, encompassing sexual objectification, sociocultural theories, cognitive models, and interpersonal models are discussed
    • Interventions for EDs are reviewed, including body image programs and cognitive behavioral therapy.

    Introduction

    • What constitutes an eating disorder? Discussion about clinical identification of traits.

    Prevalence and Risk Factors

    • How many people have eating disorders worldwide? Information on how to characterize this population.

    Psychological Theories

    • Explanations for clinical levels of disordered eating.

    Interventions

    • Improving quality of life for people with EDs.

    Future Directions

    • What are the next steps for understanding and treating EDs?

    Diagnostic Criteria in the DSM-V

    • Anorexia Nervosa
    • Bulimia Nervosa
    • Binge Eating Disorder
    • Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders
    • Pica.
    • Rumination Disorder
    • Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
    • Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder (UFED)
    • Other:
      • Muscle Dysmorphia
      • Orthorexia Nervosa (ON)

    Anorexia Nervosa

    • Restriction of energy intake leads to significantly low weight.
    • Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.
    • Interference of behaviour with weight gain.
    • Often co-morbid with Major Depressive Disorder.
    • Subtypes: Restricting type and Binge-eating/purging type.

    Bulimia Nervosa

    • Recurring episodes of binge eating.
    • Compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain, such as vomiting, misuse of laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise.
    • Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body weight/shape.

    Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

    • Recurring episodes of binge eating.
    • Eating in a short period more food than most similar people would eat in similar circumstances.
    • Negative affect/thoughts related to food intake
    • Sense of lack of control during the eating episode
    • Often associated with a feeling of being disgusted or guilty after eating.

    Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)

    • Eating disturbance characterised by a lack of interest in eating food, based on sensory aspects of food, or concern about adverse consequences.
    • Weight loss/failure to gain growth.
    • Nutritional deficiencies
    • Dependence on enteral feeding or supplements
    • Marked interference with psychosocial functioning

    Orthorexia Nervosa (ON)

    • Obsessive focus on healthy eating.
    • Marked distress in relationship to “unhealthy” food.
    • Compulsive behavior and preoccupation regarding healthy restrictive diets.
    • Dietary restrictions may escalate in time, incl. “cleanses”

    Key Statistics about Prevalence

    • Over 725,000 people in the UK have eating disorders
    • Eating disorders can develop at any age, but the risk is highest in adolescents and young adults

    Risk Factors for Developing EDs

    • In-utero cortisol exposure.
    • Preterm birth.
    • Parental perception, and beliefs about overweight/underweight.

    Abuse and Trauma

    • Early childhood emotional abuse predicts binge/purge symptomology in women, while sexual abuse and neglect are associated with symptoms in men.
    • Child abuse/neglect related to binge eating behaviors in women.

    Socioeconomic Status

    • Low food security and high parental education are predictors of disordered eating behaviors.

    Body Image and Social Influence

    • Endorsement of thin ideals is exacerbated by exposure to stigmatising messages towards individuals who are overweight or obese.
    • Social media exposure and body image concerns/disordered eating.

    Elite Sports, Female Athlete Triad, and Excessive Exercise

    • Engagement in strict dieting practices/low body fat is linked with ED development
    • High prevalence of clinically significant ED symptomology among elite athletes (n = 224).
    • This needs to be recognised and assessed. Recognition of and monitoring of excessive physical activity in women in communities is important aspect of ED risk assessment

    Psychological Theories of EDs

    • Sexual objectification and sociocultural theories
    • Cognitive models/and interpersonal models are discussed.

    Interventions for EDs

    • MyBody, MyLife: Body Image Program for Adolescent Girls
    • Cognitive and Behavioural Therapy
    • Maudsley Model

    Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Eating Disorders (IPT-ED)

    • Attachment theory is foundational to the therapy.
    • ED problems develop in relation to unmet attachment needs,
    • Negative social evaluation triggers eating disorder symptoms
    • Treatment aims to improve social interactions.

    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Bulimia Nervosa (BN)

    • Self-help and overcoming difficulties with social functioning to cope with negative feelings is addressed.
    • Goal setting, formulation, identification and challenging of specific thoughts/beliefs/assumptions
    • Behavioral experiments are conducted to gain insight into the reasons for binging, purging behaviours, and obsessive thoughts.

    The Maudsley Model of AN Treatment

    • Focuses on illness, and maintaining factors like avoidance and rigid thought.
    • Improving body image, and identity are important for development of health.
    • Addresses interpersonal maintenance factors.
    • Parents and loved ones are involved in treatment.

    Future Directions

    • Evidence from several studies suggests that certain exposures on social media (i.e., specific trends, or influencers) are associated with eating disorders and body image concerns
    • The ways in which eating disorders are assessed/treated in males is largely reflective of a female-oriented diagnostic framework, and these need to be evaluated and adjusted.
    • Cultural understanding greatly impacts the development and maintenance of eating disorders.
    • Future research needs to consider relevant cultural insights and flexible diagnostic criteria for non-White individuals to appropriately address eating disorders in diverse populations.

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    Eating Disorders (ED) - Past Paper Notes

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the latest statistics and risk factors associated with eating disorders. This quiz covers prevalence rates, hospital admissions, and the impact of family history on various eating disorder subtypes. Challenge yourself to understand the complexities and health implications of these disorders.

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