Questions and Answers
What was one of the key reforms that Keshav Chandra Sen advocated in the Bramho Samaj?
Which of the following was founded by Devendra Nath Tagore in 1829?
What significant role did Keshav Chandra Sen hold in the Bramho Samaj after being appointed in 1862?
Which notable magazine was associated with the Tatva Bodhini Sabha, and who was its editor?
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What was a consequence of the dismissal of Keshav Chandra Sen from his position in 1865?
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What was the primary reason for the moderation title of the First Phase of Moderate Nationalists?
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Who presided over the famous Congress session in Calcutta in 1886?
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Which statement regarding the Indian National Congress was made by Ashwini Kumar Dutt?
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What was a primary demand of the Moderate Nationalists during their phase?
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Who was the founder of the Indian National Congress?
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What major event took place on December 28, 1885?
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Which organization was formed in 1878 by dissatisfied followers?
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Which leader was known for his famous quote that the congress is a plan of Lord Dufferin?
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Which session of the Indian National Congress included Kadmabini Ganguly as a speaker?
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What was the primary aim of the Theosophical Society established in 1875?
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Who is known as the 'Socrates of Maharashtra'?
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What significant act did Ishwar Chand Vidhyasagar advocate for in 1856?
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Which social reformer founded the Aarya Samaj?
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In what year was the Prathna Samaj founded, and where?
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Who was the founder of Central Hindu College, later renamed Banaras Hindu University?
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The Dharma Sabha, founded in 1830, was known for supporting which practice?
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What movement did Swami Dayananda Saraswati initiate to reclaim those who converted from Hinduism?
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Who was instrumental in helping Sridharalu Naidu establish the Ved Samaj?
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Which event marked the Battle of Plassey?
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What was the primary purpose of the Dastak issued in 1717?
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Who was the first independent ruler of Bengal?
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What was an outcome of the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765?
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Which system was implemented by Warren Hastings in Bengal?
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Which act was the first to regulate the East India Company's affairs?
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What did the Permanent Settlement Act of 1790 entail?
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With which ruler did the East India Company solidify its control over Bengal after the Battle of Buxar?
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What was the main goal of the Subsidiary Alliance policy introduced by Lord Wellesley?
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What administrative role did Lord Cornwallis play in British India?
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Which British parliamentary act separated administrative and commercial activities of EIC?
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Who is known as the 'Kingmaker of Bengal'?
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What was a significant effect of the Execution of Nanda Kumar?
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Who was the first president of the Paropkarini Sabha in Udaipur?
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Which of the following was founded by Mahatma Jyotiba Phule?
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What significant contribution did Sir Saiyyad Ahmed Khan make to education?
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Which movement was founded by Raseed Ahmed Gangoi and Mohammad Kasim?
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What is the significance of the year 1886 for Swami Vivekananda?
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Which organization is considered the first political organization in India?
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Which education movement was associated with the establishment of Mohammaden Anglo Oriental College?
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What was the primary focus of the Satyashodhak Samaj founded by Jyotiba Phule?
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Who addressed the World Religion Conference in Chicago in 1893?
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What year did the Bengal British Indian Association form?
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Who established the Dayananda Anglo Vedic School?
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Which book is NOT associated with Sir Saiyyad Ahmed Khan?
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In which year was the founding of the India League?
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Which of the following statements is true about Ram Krishna Paramhans?
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Study Notes
Arrival of East India Company
- Founded in 1599 by British merchants with 217 shareholders; known as East India Company.
- Queen Elizabeth I granted a 15-year monopoly trade charter with India on December 31, 1600.
- In 1609, the charter's period was extended indefinitely.
Key Figures
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Captain Hawking
- Arrived in India aboard the ship Hector as ambassador for King James I in 1609.
- Fluent in Persian; sought permission to establish a British factory in Surat and presented gifts to Mughal Emperor Jahangir.
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Sir Thomas Roe (1615-1618)
- Ambassador to James I; met Jahangir for permission to establish factories across the Mughal Empire.
Important Trading Centres
- Surat (1613) and Massulipatnam (1611) - first British factory in India.
- Madras (1639) with Fort Saint George established.
- Balasor (1633), Hugli (1651), and Bombay (1662) - received as dowry from Portuguese to British.
- Kolkata (1690) formed from three villages; site of Fort William.
Mughal Influence and the Dastak
- Dastak was a royal order from Mughal King Farroqsiyar in 1717, granting EIC special trade facilities in Bengal.
- Bengal was a key province, including modern-day West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand, and Bangladesh.
The Nawabs of Bengal
- Murhid Quli Khan (1700-1727): First de facto independent ruler of Bengal; capital moved to Murhidabad.
- Sujjauddin (1727-1739): Son-in-law of Murhid Quli Khan.
- Alivardi Khan (1740-1756): Avoided conflict with British despite neglect.
- Siraj Ud Daula (1756-57): His opposition to British led to the Black Hole Tragedy and invasion of Fort William.
Battles and Treaties
- Battle of Plassey (1757): EIC, led by Robert Clive, defeated Siraj Ud Daula with Mir Zafar's betrayal.
- Mir Zafar (1757-1760): Gave bribes to EIC but later sought Dutch support; EIC won Battle of Bidara.
- Battle of Buxar (1764): EIC defeated Mir Qasim, Shuja Ud Daula, and Shah Alam.
- Treaty of Allahabad (1765): EIC gained diwani rights over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa from Shah Alam; established dual rule in Bengal.
Governance
- Dual rule established in Bengal by EIC in 1772; appointed a Governor as the head of EIC.
- Robert Clive: Key figure in establishing EIC in India and represented EIC in the Treaty of Allahabad.
- Warren Hastings: First Governor General (1772-1874), instituted new revenue systems and faced impeachment.
Acts and Reforms
- Regulating Act (1773): First British parliamentary law related to India; established Governor-General of Bengal.
- Amendment Act (1781): Revised provisions of the Regulating Act, aimed at protecting local religious and administrative matters.
- Pitt's India Act (1784): Introduced controls over EIC's political activities, separating administrative and commercial functions.
Revenue Systems
- Izaaridaari System (1772): Introduced by Hastings; revenue collection method that auctioned parts of Bengal.
- Permanent Settlement (1790): Established by Lord Cornwallis; formalized zamindari system, fixed taxation, and rights to landowners.
Later Governor Generals
- Lord Cornwallis: Known for the Permanent Settlement and civil service reforms.
- Lord Wellesley (1793-1805): Introduced the Subsidiary Alliance and expanded British control.
Social Reform Movements
- Devendra Nath Tagore: Social reformer and founder of the Tatva Bodhini Sabha; shaped educational movements.
- Keshav Chandra Sen: Promoted widow remarriage, criticized child marriage, and created social organizations.
- Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar: Advocate for women's rights and education; instrumental in widow remarriage legislation.
Theosophical Society
- Founded in 1875 in New York by Madam Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott, aimed at discussing religions and spirituality; gained prominence in India with Anne Besant's involvement.
Notable Social Figures
- Madam Anne Besant: A major social reformer, involved in education and the Home Rule Movement in India.
- Swami Dayananda Saraswati: Founded Arya Samaj, emphasized Vedic values, and social reforms.
Summary
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The arrival of the East India Company marked the beginning of British trade dominance in India, leading to profound political, social, and economic changes alongside the emergence of influential local leaders and reform movements.### Key Figures in Indian Social and Educational Reform
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Maharishi Dayananda Saraswati (SDS)
- Authored "Satyartha Prakash".
- Founded the Paropkarini Sabha in Udaipur; first president was Sajjan Singh.
- Passed away on October 30, 1830, in Ajmer.
- After his death, Arya Samaj split into two factions: one promoting Western education (led by Lala Lajpat Rai and Lala Hansraj) and the other supporting Oriental education (led by Swami Shraddhananda).
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Mahatma Jyotiba Phule
- Lived from 1827 to 1890 in Maharashtra.
- Advocated for lower castes; belonged to the Maali caste.
- Founded Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873 and authored "Gulamgiri".
- His wife, Savitribai Phule, was a pioneer of women's education and the first female teacher of India, establishing schools for girls and lower caste students.
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Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
- Born 1817 in Delhi; died in 1898.
- Renowned Muslim reformer and educationist.
- Authored significant works, including "Ashbaab e Bagawat e Hind" and "Loyal Indian Muslim".
- Founded the Muhammadan Literary Association (1863) and the Scientific Society in Calcutta (1864).
- Established the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh in 1875, later known as Aligarh Muslim University, integral to the Aligarh Movement.
- Published "Tahjeeb ul Akhlaq" in 1888 and founded the United India Patriotic Association with King Shiv Prasad of Banaras.
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Deoband Movement
- Founded by Rashid Ahmed Gangoi and Mohammad Qasim; based in Saharanpur.
- Traditionalist and conservative, opposed Western education.
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Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
- Born Gadadhar Chattopadhyay (1836-1886).
- Priest at Kali Mata Temple, Calcutta; influential spiritual leader.
- Founded the Ramakrishna Math; emphasized service to mankind as divine service.
- Guru to Swami Vivekananda.
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Swami Vivekananda
- Born Narendranath Dutt on January 12, 1863, in Calcutta.
- Disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa; became an ascetic in 1886.
- Gained recognition after his speech at the 1893 World Parliament of Religions in Chicago.
- Established the Vedanta Society in the USA (1896) and founded the Ramakrishna Mission in May 1897.
- Notable works include "Rajyog", "Karmayog", and several lectures.
Rise of Nationalism in India
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Early Political Organizations
- Beng Bhasa Prakashan Sabha (1836): First political organization, comprised of Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s followers.
- Land Holder Society (1838): Founded in Calcutta by Dwarika Nath Tagore, among others.
- Bengal British India Society (1843): Joint effort by George Thomson and Dwarika Nath Tagore.
- Bengal British Indian Association (1851): Formed through the merger of previous associations, crucial in passing the 1853 Charter Act.
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Indian National Congress (INC)
- Established on December 28, 1885, at Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay, initiated by A.O. Hume.
- First president: Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee; initial membership included 72 representatives.
- Sessions conducted in various cities (e.g., Calcutta, Madras) with prominent leaders presiding.
- Important discussions regarding Indian participation in civil service exams were held.
Phases of Indian Nationalist Movement
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Moderate Nationalist Phase (1885-1905)
- Principal leaders included Dada Bhai Naroji, Firoz Shah Mehta, and Gopal Krishna Gokhle.
- Characterized by faith in British justice and demands like expanding legislative representation and civil service exam accessibility.
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Extremist Nationalist Phase (1905-1919)
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Gandhian Phase (1919-1947)
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Revolutionary Nationalism
- Emerged concurrently in two phases (1897-1914 and 1920-1933).
Notable Sessions and Critiques of Congress
- Critiques from various sources reflected skepticism about the efficacy and purpose of the Congress, portraying it as ineffectual or merely a British construct.
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Description
This quiz covers the establishment and significance of the East India Company, founded in 1599. It discusses the royal charter issued by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 and the extended trade privileges granted to the company. Explore key historical moments that shaped the trading landscape between Britain and India.
