June Paper 1 Exam Easy
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for the unequal heating of Earth's surface?

  • Altitude variations across the globe
  • Variation in the reflective properties of the surface
  • Humidity levels in different climate zones
  • Differences in the angle of the Sun's rays hitting the Earth (correct)

    • How does insolation vary with latitude?

  • It increases towards the poles
  • It decreases towards the equator
  • It remains constant globally
  • It varies significantly, being higher near the equator and lower near the poles (correct)

    • What effect does the oblique angle of the Sun's rays near the poles have on energy absorption?

  • Creates a greenhouse effect increasing energy retention
  • Has no impact on energy absorption
  • Decreases absorption due to a larger spread of energy (correct)
  • Increases absorption due to better distribution of energy

    • What role do ice and snow play in reducing energy absorption near the poles?

    <p>They reflect solar radiation back into space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiation does the Earth's surface absorb from the Sun?

    <p>Short-wave radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the re-radiated energy from Earth's surface contribute to atmospheric heating?

    <p>It heats the atmosphere from below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of heat from areas of surplus to areas of deficit in the atmosphere?

    <p>Unequal heating of the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does warm air rise before moving towards the poles at high altitudes according to atmospheric circulation?

    <p>Near the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone is located between 10° N and 10° S and characterized by warm, wet air?

    <p>Equatorial Low Pressure Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oceanic circulation in the Earth's heat balance?

    <p>To transfer heat from poles to tropics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes atmospheric circulation to move heat from areas of surplus to areas of deficit?

    <p>Unequal heating of Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon influences oceanic currents to curve to the right in the northern hemisphere?

    <p>Coriolis effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what direction do deep ocean currents move as they aid in global heat transfer?

    <p>North to South</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major driver of the movement of heat in atmospheric circulation?

    <p>Differences in solar radiation absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the tilt of the Earth's axis affect seasonal temperatures?

    <p>$By influencing the distance from the Sun$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mass movement also referred to as?

    <p>Mass wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mass movement impact landscapes and ecosystems?

    <p>By fundamentally altering them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary force influencing mass movement?

    <p>Gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding the nuances of mass movement important?

    <p>To mitigate its impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mass movement vary in?

    <p>Speed, scale, and nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Polar High Pressure Zone?

    <p>Cold, dry conditions with limited precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure cells exhibit anti-clockwise sinking air in the Southern Hemisphere?

    <p>High pressure cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What latitude range does the Hadley Cell operate between?

    <p>0° and 30°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for causing wind to deflect right in the Northern Hemisphere?

    <p>Coriolis Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes large bodies of air with uniform temperature and humidity?

    <p>Air Masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of wind is characterized by seasonal reversals in wind direction?

    <p><strong>Monsoon Winds</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Africa's climate is highly variable across different regions primarily due to?

    <p><strong>Varying rainfall patterns</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process plays a significant role in determining the dry seasons in Africa?

    <p><strong>Subsidence</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weather phenomenon can be experienced in South and Southeast Asia due to seasonal wind reversals?

    <p><strong>Monsoons</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do oceans play in Africa's climate?

    <p>Affecting temperature variations through maritime and continental effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a force influencing wind?

    <p>Magnetic Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oceanic currents contribute to dry conditions in the Namib Desert?

    <p>Benguela and Canary currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes El Niño climatic event?

    <p>Reversal of normal air and sea circulation patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does La Niña differ from El Niño?

    <p>It results in stronger trade winds and upwelling of cold water in the Pacific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of desertification?

    <p>Human activities and climatic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main impact of drought on agriculture?

    <p>Reduced agricultural productivity due to insufficient soil moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experiences the highest frequency of droughts globally?

    <p>Sahel region in Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are drylands classified based on aridity levels?

    <p>'Humid', 'Semihumid', and 'Arid' areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of synoptic weather maps to indicate wind strength?

    <p>'Isobars' connecting points of equal pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Meteorological Drought' is mainly associated with:

    <p>'Unusual' long periods of below-average rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the direct causes of desertification mentioned in the text?

    <p>Climate change and overgrazing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of landscape is characterized by gentle and rounded slopes, high rainfall, and mass wasting?

    <p>Hilly landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process creates canyon landscapes?

    <p>Differential erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are basaltic plateaus formed over millions of years?

    <p>Through extensive lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does climate influence the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>By promoting chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of landscape is known for its stepped sides and deep valleys due to differential erosion?

    <p>Canyon landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes desertification a significant threat to nearly 900 million people globally?

    <p>It reduces agricultural yields and prompts migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the resistance of rocks play in hilly landscapes?

    <p>It shapes prominent hills within the landscape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one indirect cause of desertification mentioned in the text?

    <p>Lack of knowledge and policies promoting degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do horizontally layered rocks contribute to the formation of various landscapes mentioned in the text?

    <p>By interacting with climate and erosional processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process widens valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock formation is characterized by large smooth, rounded rock formations?

    <p>Granite domes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intrusive body is wall-like and cuts across existing strata vertically?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that makes the Karoo region generally unsuitable for agriculture?

    <p>Shallow topsoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological process gradually transforms plateaus into various landforms like mesas and buttes?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intrusive body is mushroom-shaped and creates a dome-like shape by pushing overlying strata upwards?

    <p>Lopoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process that leads to the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body type is characterized by pushing overlying strata upwards, creating a distinct dome-like shape?

    <p>Laccoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes granite domes from tors geologically?

    <p>Presence of core stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of pipes among intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Chimney-shaped intrusions transporting magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do massive igneous rocks differ from sedimentary rocks in terms of formation?

    <p>Form primarily when magma cools below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does erosion play in revealing granite domes and tors?

    <p>Gradual removal of overlying material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are batholiths considered significant forms of intrusive bodies?

    <p>Extensive landforms when exposed on the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process leads to the distinctive shapes and rounded boulders characteristic of tors?

    <p>Expansion of vertical and horizontal joints in the rock due to cooling and water percolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor that influences the landscape and geomorphology of an area due to massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Cooling and solidification of magma below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological process is primarily responsible for the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is known for being a semi-arid area?

    <p>Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a slope that curves outward, resembling the exterior of a sphere?

    <p>A Convex Slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of a slope is mainly shaped by mass movement due to its steepness?

    <p>The Free Face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the Pediment at the base of a slope?

    <p>It is a concave plain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory explains the concept that slopes erode while maintaining their angle and length, retreating parallel to themselves?

    <p>Parallel Slope Retreat Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which physiographic region is Johannesburg located at an elevation exceeding 1,800 meters above sea level?

    <p>Central Highveld</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of surface shape describes a slope curving inward, similar to the interior of a bowl?

    <p><strong>Concave Slope</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drakensberg Mountains, part of the Great Escarpment in South Africa, reach heights up to how many meters above sea level?

    <p><strong>3,408</strong> meters above sea level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tectonic forces shape which major physiographic region in South Africa over millions of years?

    <p><strong>Southwestern Cape Fold Belt Mountains</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes significantly to the creation of various climate zones across the globe?

    <p>Unequal heating of the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the oblique angle of the Sun's rays near the poles affect energy absorption?

    <p>Reduces energy absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the Earth's surface being warmer near the equator?

    <p>Direct impact of Sun's rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do higher latitudes near the poles experience cooler temperatures?

    <p>Oblique angle of Sun's rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to incoming solar radiation as it reaches the Earth's surface near the equator?

    <p>It gets absorbed more directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does re-radiated energy from Earth's surface contribute to atmospheric heating?

    <p>By providing additional heat to the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period does the Earth's Southern Hemisphere experience warmer temperatures?

    <p>Summer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Equatorial Low Pressure Zone located?

    <p>Between 10° N and 10° S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives oceanic circulation on Earth?

    <p>Coriolis effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of global air circulation according to the text?

    <p>To transport energy to polar regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to warm air in the atmospheric circulation process?

    <p>It rises at the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the Subtropical High Pressure Zone to produce hot, dry air?

    <p>Descending air heating upon compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do polar regions lose more energy than they gain?

    <p>Due to low absorption rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Isobars represent lines of equal atmospheric pressure' - Which concept do isobars illustrate on weather maps?

    <p>'Lines of equal atmospheric pressure'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Deep ocean currents further aid in transferring heat globally' - What drives deep ocean currents according to the text?

    <p>'Differences in water density'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Equinoxes represent periods when the Sun is directly over the equator' - What does this alignment cause globally?

    <p>'Equal day and night lengths'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is responsible for the development of canyon landscapes?

    <p>Differential erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region evolves from the processes associated with canyon landscapes?

    <p>Karoo landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in the formation of hilly landscapes?

    <p>Rock resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes basaltic plateaus from hilly landscapes?

    <p>Massive lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Drakensberg Mountains in South Africa?

    <p>Tourist attraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the vertical incision and formation of deep valleys in canyon landscapes?

    <p>River erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landscape is characterized by stepped sides and deep valleys?

    <p>Canyon landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process contributes to the formation of Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Erosional agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological structure gives rise to various types of landscapes?

    <p>Horizontally layered rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily shapes the resistance of rocks in forming different types of landscapes?

    <p>Climate conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of climate is experienced in regions near the sea?

    <p>Maritime climate with minimal temperature fluctuations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oceanic currents contribute to dry conditions in the Namib Desert?

    <p>Canary Current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Subpolar Low Pressure Zone?

    <p>Spin of air due to Earth's rotation resulting in cool, wet conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of desertification?

    <p>Human activities and climatic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone around the poles experiences cold, dry conditions with limited precipitation?

    <p>Polar High Pressure Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes La Niña conditions?

    <p>Weaker trade winds and upwelling of cold water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forces contribute to the formation of geostrophic winds at high altitudes?

    <p>Pressure Gradient and Coriolis Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Föhn winds?

    <p>Warm, downslope winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the global extent of drought?

    <p>Affects all continents to varying degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experiences seasonal reversals in wind direction causing dry and wet seasons?

    <p>South and Southeast Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are drylands categorized based on?

    <p>Their aridity levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric phenomenon do isobars on synoptic weather maps represent?

    <p>Strength of winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the Tri-cellular Model of Global Air Circulation?

    <p>Balance of Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar Cells in distinct latitudinal regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the classification of air masses?

    <p>Underlying surface characteristics and latitude of the source region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oceans in driving global climate?

    <p>Absorbing excess heat from the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of 'Meteorological Drought'?

    <p>Long periods of below-average rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates El Niño from La Niña?

    <p>Weaker trade winds during El Niño</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What field of study involves the downward and outward movement of soil, rock, and other debris on a slope?

    <p>Geomorphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is mass movement significant in geomorphology?

    <p>To explore landforms and their shaping processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mass movement fundamentally alter?

    <p>Landscapes and ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary force influencing mass movement?

    <p>Gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mass movement vary?

    <p>In speed, scale, and nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process that leads to the widening of valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

    <p>Scarp retreat or back wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by forming chimney-shaped intrusions for magma transport?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinguishing feature between massive igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks in terms of formation?

    <p>Formation through solidification of magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key component of the Earth's crust significantly influences landscape and geomorphology?

    <p>Intrusive igneous rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of granite domes geologically?

    <p>Smooth, rounded shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes laccoliths among intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Mushroom-shaped intrusions pushing strata upwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are pipe intrusive bodies significant in geology?

    <p>They transport magma vertically across existing strata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process gradually alters once extensive plateaus into smaller landforms like mesas and buttes?

    <p>Scarp retreat or back wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor determining the landscape and geomorphology of an area influenced by massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Cooling and solidification of magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock formations are primarily characterized by large smooth, rounded shapes in the landscape?

    <p>Granite domes and tors formed from erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are massive igneous rocks primarily formed?

    <p>By cooling and solidifying magma beneath the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key process attributed to the formation of Tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering occurring below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body is characterized by horizontal layers formed between existing rock layers?

    <p>Sills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctive feature characterizes granite domes and tors?

    <p>Core stones stacked upon one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do massive igneous structures become visible due to?

    <p>Chemical weathering below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is wall-like and cuts across existing strata vertically?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the gradual removal of overlying material to reveal a granite dome beneath?

    <p><strong>Chemical weathering and erosion</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is distinct about core stones in Tors?

    <p><strong>They are partially rounded boulders</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process plays a significant role in determining the dry seasons in Africa?

    <p>Mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one indirect cause of desertification mentioned in the text?

    <p>Granite domes formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What zone is located between 10° N and 10° S and characterized by warm, wet air?

    <p>Central Highveld</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Polar High Pressure Zone?

    <p>Cold, dry air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are drylands classified based on aridity levels?

    <p>By the amount of annual rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oceanic currents contribute to dry conditions in the Namib Desert?

    <p><strong>Benguela Current</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drakensberg Mountains, part of the Great Escarpment in South Africa, reach heights up to how many meters above sea level?

    <p>$3,400$ meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Africa's climate is highly variable across different regions primarily due to?

    <p><strong>Oceanic circulation</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process leads to the distinctive shapes and rounded boulders characteristic of tors?

    <p><strong>Weathering</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory explains the concept that slopes erode while maintaining their angle and length, retreating parallel to themselves?

    <p><strong>Parallel slope retreat theory</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental factor influencing mass movement?

    <p>Gravitational pull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of mass movement on ecosystems?

    <p>Loss of vegetation cover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of mass movement requires a detailed exploration for better understanding?

    <p>Slope dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mass movement fundamentally alter?

    <p>Landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mitigation strategy mentioned for dealing with mass movement?

    <p>Implementing early warning systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the unequal heating of Earth's surface?

    <p>The angle at which the Sun's rays strike different parts of the planet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does insolation vary between the equator and higher latitudes?

    <p>Insolation decreases with increasing latitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the energy absorbed by the Earth's surface near the poles?

    <p>It is reflected back into space by ice and snow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does re-radiated energy from Earth's surface have on the atmosphere?

    <p>It heats up the atmosphere from below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the angle of the Sun's rays affect energy absorption by the Earth's surface?

    <p>Lower angles lead to more absorption, causing warmer temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ice and snow play in reducing energy absorption near the poles?

    <p>They reflect solar radiation back into space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the formation of high and low-pressure cells?

    <p>Differential heating of land and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Southern Hemisphere, which direction does rising air move in low-pressure cells?

    <p>Anti-clockwise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of wind from high to low-pressure areas?

    <p>Pressure Gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric phenomenon causes wind deflection to the right in the Northern Hemisphere?

    <p>Coriolis Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are air masses classified according to the text?

    <p>Latitude and surface characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which seasonal winds are characterized by influencing dry and wet seasons in regions like South and Southeast Asia?

    <p><strong>Monsoon Winds</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jet Streams significantly influence which weather patterns?

    <p><strong>Storm Tracks and Temperature Distributions</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Subsidence leads to extended dry seasons in Africa primarily to the north of which zone?

    <p><strong>Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process contributes to the formation of distinctive rock shapes and rounded boulders in tors?

    <p>Expansion of joints in the rock as it cools and contracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Föhn Winds are characterized as dry, warm downslope winds found on which side of mountain ranges?

    <p><strong>Leeward</strong> sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a convex slope?

    <p>It curves outward, resembling the exterior of a sphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Air masses are large bodies of air with uniform temperature and humidity, classified based on which factors?

    <p><strong>Latitude and surface characteristics</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the talus slope located in relation to the free face?

    <p>Below the free face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the crest in geomorphological processes?

    <p>Weathering and soil creep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the text regarding drylands?

    <p>Sustainable resource use and management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinguishing feature of South Africa's Great Karoo Basin?

    <p>Extensive arid landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of slope development theory suggests that slopes erode while maintaining their angle and length?

    <p>Parallel slope retreat theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do hilly landscapes differ from canyon landscapes?

    <p>Gentle vs. steep slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the formation of basaltic plateaus according to the text?

    <p>Extensive lava flows over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drought is characterized by long periods of below-average rainfall?

    <p>Meteorological Drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oceanic currents contribute to dry and arid conditions in regions like the Namib Desert?

    <p>Benguela and Canary Currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process responsible for turning fertile land into desert, primarily due to human activities and climate changes?

    <p>Desertification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is characterized by the reversal of normal air and sea water circulation patterns, leading to diverse changes in weather across the globe?

    <p>El Niño</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of climate is influenced by warm and cold ocean currents modifying temperatures over land?

    <p>Maritime Climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regions have the lowest frequency of drought occurrences according to the text?

    <p>Equatorial Regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are granite domes typically formed?

    <p>By the cooling and solidification of magma beneath the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic primarily distinguishes tors from other rock formations?

    <p>Core stones stacked upon one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Isobars' on synoptic weather maps are lines connecting points of equal what?

    <p>Atmospheric Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Dryland ecosystems cover approximately what percentage of the Earth's land area?'

    <p>41%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are batholiths considered significant forms of intrusive bodies?

    <p>For being the largest forms of intrusive bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is largely attributed to the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the Canary and Benguela currents influence the climate in regions like the Namib Desert?

    <p>Creating dry and arid conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do intrusive bodies play in shaping the geological landscape?

    <p>Aid in global heat transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by wall-like intrusions cutting across existing strata vertically?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do massive igneous rocks primarily differ from sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Igneous rocks do not form in layers like sedimentary rocks do</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical characteristic distinguishes granite domes from other rock formations?

    <p>'Large, smooth, rounded' shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are laccoliths termed as mushroom-shaped intrusions?

    <p>'Push the overlying strata upwards'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of global air circulation?

    <p>To redistribute thermal energy across the planet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the atmospheric circulation belts to shift seasonally?

    <p>Variations in the Sun's intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the Equatorial Low Pressure Zone according to its characteristics?

    <p>Warm, wet air from intense solar heating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon causes ocean currents to curve to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere?

    <p>Coriolis effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the formation of subtropical high-pressure zones according to the text?

    <p>Cool air descending at high altitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does warm air contribute to global heat distribution through atmospheric circulation?

    <p>It rises at the equator and moves towards the poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Isobars represent lines of equal atmospheric pressure' - What do isobars illustrate on weather maps?

    <p>Winds and air movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are granite domes typically formed?

    <p>From the cooling and solidification of magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process involved in transforming plateaus into mesas, buttes, and conical hills?

    <p>Back wasting or scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of intrusive igneous body associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Fossils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes massive igneous rocks from sedimentary rocks in terms of formation?

    <p>Igneous rocks do not form in layers like sedimentary rocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body appears as chimney-shaped intrusions transporting magma near the surface?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why the Karoo region is generally not suitable for agriculture?

    <p>Presence of steep slopes and shallow topsoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process plays a pivotal role in shaping landscapes associated with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Mass movement and back wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do laccoliths differ from batholiths in terms of shape?

    <p>'Laccoliths' push overlying strata upwards, creating dome-like shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Back wasting' or scarp retreat is instrumental in the development of which distinctive landscapes?

    <p>'Mesas, buttes, and conical hills'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Intrusive bodies' associated with massive igneous rocks primarily solidify where?

    <p>'Underneath the Earth's surface'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the angle of the Sun's rays impact the Earth's surface temperature at higher latitudes?

    <p>Decrease absorption and cooler temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does ice and snow have on energy absorption near the poles?

    <p>Decreases energy absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Earth's surface heat the atmosphere?

    <p>By absorbing low energy, long-wave infrared radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns on Earth?

    <p>Unequal heating due to the Sun's angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do regions near the equator have warmer temperatures compared to higher latitudes?

    <p>Direct impact of Sun's rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do reflective properties of ice and snow play near the poles?

    <p>Decrease energy absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental cause of mass movement phenomenon?

    <p>Gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mass movement impact landscapes and ecosystems?

    <p>It fundamentally alters landscapes and impacts ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for mass movement as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Mass wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding the nuances of mass movement important according to the text?

    <p>To mitigate its impacts on human infrastructures and lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process shapes landscapes and is studied in the field of geomorphology?

    <p>Mass movement or mass wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of desertification on fertile land?

    <p>Transformation into desert</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meteorological drought differ from agricultural drought?

    <p>Association with soil moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key role do the Benguela and Canary currents play in Africa's climate?

    <p>Influencing dry and arid conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of significant temperature fluctuations in continental climate regions?

    <p>Distance from the sea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do El Niño and La Niña events differ in terms of global climatic impact?

    <p>La Niña triggers changes in air and sea circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of drought and desertification on dryland ecosystems?

    <p>Degradation of land and reduced productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are synoptic weather maps beneficial in predicting weather patterns?

    <p>Featuring symbols for atmospheric phenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of maritime climate regions near the sea?

    <p>Minimal temperature fluctuations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Socio-economic Drought' primarily affects a society by:

    <p>Leading to declines in economy and society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are massive igneous rocks primarily formed?

    <p>When magma cools and solidifies below the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes intrusive bodies from massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Intrusion into spaces within the Earth's crust and solidification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period do the equinoxes occur?

    <p>When the Sun is directly over the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by wall-like intrusions that cut across existing strata?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of warm air from the equator towards the poles in atmospheric circulation?

    <p>Differences in air pressure and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of laccoliths among intrusive bodies?

    <p>They create dome-like shapes by pushing overlying strata upwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do deep ocean currents play in global heat transfer?

    <p>Aiding in redistributing heat globally based on water density differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process involved in widening valleys through lateral erosion and mass movement?

    <p>Scarp retreat or back wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Subtropical High Pressure Zone?

    <p>Located between 20°-35° N and S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does dolerite play in the protection of horizontal rock layers?

    <p>Resistant layer protecting the rock from erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes typically form?

    <p>Through weathering and erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes atmospheric circulation to move heat from areas of surplus to areas of deficit?

    <p>Unequal heating of Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that makes landscapes in the Karoo generally unsuitable for agriculture?

    <p>Lack of rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are warmer surface currents typically moving towards?

    <p>From the tropics towards the poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of landform is NOT mentioned in association with scarp retreat in the text?

    <p>Deltas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of Equinoxes?

    <p>To provide equal day and night lengths globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can one infer from "The unequal heating of Earth's surface is a fundamental aspect of its climate system"?

    <p>Unequal heating influences Earth's atmospheric conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do geological structures, erosional processes, and climate play in shaping landscapes with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Pivotal role in shaping landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does warm air contribute to global heat distribution?

    <p>By rising at high altitudes and moving towards the poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives deep ocean currents in contributing to global heat transfer?

    <p>Water density disparities related to temperature and salinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological process is primarily attributed to the formation of Tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic feature distinguishes a convex slope?

    <p>Resembling the interior of a bowl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element of a slope is mainly shaped by mass movement due to its steepness?

    <p>The Free Face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key theory explains how slopes erode while maintaining their angle and length, retreating parallel to themselves?

    <p>Parallel slope retreat theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is characterized by extensive arid landscapes?

    <p>The Kalahari Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Pediment play in the geomorphological processes of a slope?

    <p>Deposition of material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a regular slope from a convex slope?

    <p>Uniform gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a concave slope from a convex slope?

    <p>Curving inward like a bowl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant insight does understanding geological formations and processes provide?

    <p>Valuable insights into geomorphological evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Drakensberg Mountains geographically?

    <p>Part of the Great Escarpment system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the distinctive rock shapes and rounded boulders characteristic of tors?

    <p>Expansion of joints in the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes granite domes from tors in terms of geological formation?

    <p>Chemical weathering below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological process contributes significantly to the formation of massive igneous rock formations like granite domes and tors?

    <p>Solidification of magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes laccoliths among intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Mushroom-shaped intrusions pushing strata upwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by wall-like intrusions cutting across existing strata?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a significant role in shaping the landscape by becoming visible after extensive erosion?

    <p>Intrusive bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do intrusive igneous rock bodies differ from extrusive igneous rocks?

    <p>Intrusive rocks solidify within the Earth's crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the gradual removal of overlying material, unveiling granite domes or tors beneath?

    <p>Erosion and deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Ferrel Cell in terms of latitudes?

    <p>Acts between 30° and 60° latitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which force causes wind to deflect right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere?

    <p>Coriolis Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Polar High Pressure Zone mainly result in?

    <p>Cold, dry conditions with limited precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing high and low-pressure cell formation?

    <p>Differential heating of land and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for large bodies of air with uniform temperature and humidity?

    <p>Air Masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Föhn Winds in terms of their direction?

    <p><strong>Föhn Winds</strong> blow from west to east</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jet Streams are strong, high-altitude winds influencing which weather patterns?

    <p><strong>Jet Streams</strong> influence storm tracks and temperature distributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monsoon Winds are characterized by seasonal reversals in which region?

    <p><strong>Monsoon Winds</strong> cause seasonal reversals in South and Southeast Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hadley Cells operate between which latitudes and are responsible for what weather phenomenon?

    <p><strong>Hadley Cells</strong> operate between the equator and 30° latitudes, responsible for tropical rains and trade winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Subpolar Low Pressure Zones are located at approximately which latitudes and result in what type of conditions?

    <p><strong>Subpolar Low Pressure Zones</strong> are located at 60°-70° latitude, resulting in cool, wet conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant threat that leads to nearly 900 million people worldwide facing livelihood risks?

    <p>Desertification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some direct causes of land degradation into deserts?

    <p>Climate change and deforestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Locally and nationally, what does desertification primarily reduce?

    <p>Agricultural yields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect contributes to the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>Rock resistance to erosion and climate conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are basaltic plateaus primarily formed?

    <p>By volcanic eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes canyon landscapes?

    <p>Valleys formed by rivers exploiting weak layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Karoo landscapes from canyon landscapes?

    <p>Different erosion processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key environmental impact of mass movement?

    <p>Formation of natural dams and lakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vegetation planting help in reducing the risk of mass movement?

    <p>By enhancing slope stability through root systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a natural solution for minimizing the impact of mass movement?

    <p>Drainage systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant human impact of mass movement?

    <p>Economic damages from destruction of infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy provides physical support to unstable slopes to prevent collapse?

    <p>Retaining walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do rock bolts contribute to minimizing the effects of mass movement?

    <p>By stabilizing rock faces to prevent detachment and fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary environmental impact of mass movement?

    <p>Formation of natural dams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do safety nets and barriers contribute to minimizing the effects of mass movement?

    <p>By catching falling rocks and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a human impact caused by mass movement?

    <p>Destruction of infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do retaining walls contribute to minimizing the effects of mass movement?

    <p>By providing physical support to unstable slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rock bolts in managing the impacts of mass movement?

    <p>To mechanically reinforce rock faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation strategy aims to reduce water infiltration into slope materials?

    <p>Drainage systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the environmental impacts of mass movement mentioned in the text?

    <p>Formation of natural dams and lakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation strategy aims to provide physical support to unstable slopes?

    <p>Retaining walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary human impact of mass movement mentioned in the text?

    <p>Loss of life primarily due to rapid landslides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure aims to stabilize rock faces by mechanically reinforcing them?

    <p>Rock bolts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does vegetation planting help enhance slope stability?

    <p>By improving soil cohesion through root systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact on biodiversity is mentioned in relation to mass movement?

    <p>Destruction of vegetation and habitats affecting biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

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