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Earthquake Engineering: Seismic Waves
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Earthquake Engineering: Seismic Waves

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Questions and Answers

What should homeowners check regarding earthquake coverage?

  • If their auto insurance covers earthquake damage
  • If they can receive government assistance for earthquake damage
  • If their life insurance policy provides earthquake coverage
  • If their existing policy covers earthquake damage (correct)

    • What is one preparatory action parents should take regarding schools and earthquakes?

  • Provide financial support for school earthquake drills
  • Ensure the school's insurance covers earthquake-related claims
  • Understand the school's earthquake preparedness plan (correct)
  • Require students to wear helmets during school hours

    • Why is it important to check for hazards after an earthquake?

  • To ensure safety from potential dangers like gas leaks (correct)
  • To comply with government regulations
  • To prepare for rebuilding immediately
  • To avoid disturbing neighbors

    • Which factor is NOT typically considered when designing earthquake-resistant buildings?

    <p>Aesthetic preferences of the building owner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of seismic retrofitting?

    <p>To ensure existing buildings can withstand earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of engineers in earthquake preparedness?

    <p>To develop plans and structures that minimize earthquake damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do seismic waves affect buildings during an earthquake?

    <p>They can cause vibrations that may lead to structural failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial aspect of community resilience in the context of earthquakes?

    <p>Effective disaster response plans and infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are P-waves primarily characterized by?

    <p>They compress and expand the material they move through.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of seismic zoning?

    <p>To inform building codes and construction practices based on seismic hazard levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a fracture in the Earth's crust where blocks have moved relative to each other?

    <p>Fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does liquefaction refer to during an earthquake?

    <p>The process of soil behaving like a liquid due to intense shaking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method aims to reduce the transmission of ground motion to buildings?

    <p>Base Isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the magnitude of an earthquake commonly measured?

    <p>By using the moment magnitude scale or Richter scale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hypocenter in relation to an earthquake?

    <p>The actual location within the Earth where the earthquake begins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are surface waves known for during an earthquake?

    <p>Causing the most destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Philippine Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) primarily measure?

    <p>The shaking strength experienced at a location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest intensity level on the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale mentioned?

    <p>X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what magnitude range does intensity likely fall between VII and IX based on the comparison table?

    <p>6.0 - 6.9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which magnitude range is associated with an intensity of IV - V?

    <p>4.0 - 4.9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the measurement of magnitude in relation to earthquakes?

    <p>The energy released at the earthquake's source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is intensity determined in the context of earthquakes?

    <p>By assessing effects on people and structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intensity level is described as being not felt except by a very few people under especially favorable conditions?

    <p>I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes intensity level III based on the scale?

    <p>Felt quite noticeably, but many may not recognize it as an earthquake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of the Moment Magnitude Scale over the Richter scale?

    <p>It provides a more accurate comparison of various types of earthquakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about magnitude is correct?

    <p>Magnitude is a single number that quantifies the energy released at the source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether an earthquake is classified as 'major'?

    <p>Earthquakes with a moment magnitude of 7 or higher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale measures the total energy released by an earthquake?

    <p>Moment Magnitude Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which intensity level do people experience difficulty standing and heavy furniture may tip over?

    <p>Intensity VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Richter scale described?

    <p>It is a logarithmic scale where each increase represents tenfold increase in amplitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is associated with Intensity IX earthquakes?

    <p>Ground fissures and landslides occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term intensity refer to in the context of earthquakes?

    <p>The subjective perception of the earthquake's effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reaction of people during an Intensity VIII earthquake?

    <p>They panic and find it difficult to stand outdoors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which intensity do people typically rush outdoors in panic due to fear?

    <p>Intensity VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a moment magnitude increase from 4.0 to 5.0 represent in terms of energy release?

    <p>Approximately 31.6 times more energy release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Moment Magnitude Scale?

    <p>It was developed by Charles F. Richter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during an Intensity X earthquake according to the description provided?

    <p>Massive landslides and liquefaction may occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intensity level is defined as 'Destructive'?

    <p>Intensity VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect on well-built buildings at Intensity IX?

    <p>They are heavily damaged or destroyed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which intensity level is it noted that people are often awakened from sleep due to the shaking?

    <p>Intensity V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Earthquake Fundamentals

    • Sudden movements along a fault release energy as seismic waves, causing ground vibrations and shaking.
    • FEMA coordinates disaster response and aid in the U.S.

    Key Definitions in Earthquake Engineering

    • Seismic Waves: Vibrations propagating through the Earth's crust, categorized into:
      • P-waves (Primary waves): Fastest, compress and expand materials.
      • Surface waves: Cause most destruction, travel along Earth's surface.
    • Magnitude: Indicates the total energy released, primarily measured using the Richter scale or Moment Magnitude Scale (Mw).
    • Epicenter: Directly above the earthquake's hypocenter on the surface.
    • Hypocenter (Focus): The origin location of the earthquake within the Earth.
    • Fault: Fracture point in the Earth's crust where blocks move relative to each other.
    • Liquefaction: Soil loses strength and behaves like a liquid during intense shaking.
    • Base Isolation: Uses bearings or isolators to reduce the effect of ground motion on buildings.
    • Damping: Reduction of vibration amplitude through devices that dissipate seismic energy.
    • Seismic Zoning: Classification of areas based on seismic hazard levels influencing construction codes.
    • Earthquake Insurance: Important for homeowners in high-risk areas for earthquake damage protection.
    • Emergency Preparedness: Understand and prepare for aftershocks, potential hazards post-earthquake.

    Seismic Engineering Challenge Questions

    • Seismic hazards are crucial in civil engineering for assessing and mitigating risks.
    • Seismic waves cause diverse impacts on building integrity and performance during earthquakes.
    • Building codes are essential in earthquake-prone regions to ensure structural safety.
    • Seismic retrofitting is vital for upgrading existing buildings against earthquake resilience.
    • Engineers consider factors like soil type, building materials, and structural design when creating earthquake-resistant structures.
    • Earthquake engineering enhances community resilience through better infrastructure and preparedness.
    • Civil engineers play a critical role in earthquake preparedness and planning.

    Measuring Earthquakes: Magnitude and Intensity

    • Magnitude: Represents energy output, typically quantified via:
      • Richter Scale: Logarithmic scale for amplitude measurement, each whole number indicates a tenfold amplitude increase.
      • Moment Magnitude Scale (Mw): More accurate for large earthquakes, measures total energy based on fault area and slip.
    • Intensity: Measures shaking effects at specific locations, described by the Modified Philippine Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS):
      • Scale from I to X categorizes effects on people and structures.
      • Intensity I: Not felt; Intensity X: Completely devastating, with total destruction.
    • Magnitude 5.0 releases 31.6 times more energy than 4.0.

    Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Examples

    • Intensity I: Not felt except by a few.
    • Intensity V: Strong, felt by most indoors, panic may ensue.
    • Intensity VI: Very Strong, people struggle to stand; heavy furniture shifts.
    • Intensity VII: Destructive, slight damage to well-built structures, panic often ensues.
    • Intensity VIII: Very Destructive, significant structure damage; people struggle to stand.
    • Intensity IX: Devastating, severe building damage and ground fissures.
    • Intensity X: Complete devastation with total destruction of structures and severe landscape changes.

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    Related Documents

    Earthquake_Chapter 1 to 3_Handouts for Students.pdf

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in earthquake engineering, focusing on the definition and characteristics of seismic waves. Understand how these vibrations are generated and their impact on the earth's surface. A great resource for students studying natural disasters and their engineering implications.

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