Earthquake and Volcanic Eruptions Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are foreshocks and how can they be identified?

Foreshocks are smaller earthquakes that precede a larger one and can only be identified as such after the larger earthquake occurs.

What happens to a city located at the epicenter of an earthquake?

A city at the epicenter experiences the strongest tremors and the most damage.

Define aftershocks.

Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes that occur following the main shock of a larger earthquake in the same area.

What does the magnitude of an earthquake measure?

<p>Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one characteristic of earthquake movement.

<p>Earthquakes move vertically and horizontally across low areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates called?

<p>The point is called the hypocenter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the earthquakes that occur before a larger earthquake?

<p>These are called foreshocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for smaller earthquakes that follow a larger main earthquake?

<p>These are known as aftershocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the epicenter of an earthquake?

<p>The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the magnitude of an earthquake measured?

<p>Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of volcanic eruptions related to soil?

<p>Increased soil fertility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can volcanic eruptions contribute to land formation?

<p>They can create new islands and peninsulas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a negative effect of pyroclastic flows from volcanic eruptions?

<p>They can cause serious damage to property and infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can volcanic ash negatively impact agriculture?

<p>It can cover crops and inhibit growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of volcanic eruptions on human population dynamics?

<p>They can lead to population displacement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the active stage of a volcano?

<p>Lava and ash are frequently released.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does the dormant stage of a volcano typically last?

<p>10 to 15 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a dormant volcano?

<p>Steam is released.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is often used to describe a dormant volcano?

<p>'Sleeping'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential does a dormant volcano have?

<p>The potential to erupt again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when a species is described as extinct?

<p>It means the species is no longer found.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implication does the phrase 'said to be dead' have regarding the species?

<p>It implies that the species was considered extinct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does regeneration take according to the description?

<p>Regeneration takes over 1000 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the statement 'has not corrupted 1000 years' suggest about the species?

<p>It suggests that there has been no renewal or change in the species for that duration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the description referring to a traditional instrument? Explain.

<p>No, it refers to a record of information about a species instead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the cracks in the Earth's crust called where plates move alongside or away from each other?

<p>Faults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when two tectonic plates collide at convergent boundaries?

<p>Formation of a subduction zone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a collision between a more dense oceanic plate and a less dense continental plate, what happens to the oceanic plate?

<p>The oceanic plate sinks or pulls under the continental plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general movement of plates at a convergent boundary?

<p>Plates move towards or collide with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tectonic activity is linked to the existence of faults?

<p>Earthquakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at oceanic-continental convergence zones?

<p>At oceanic-continental convergence zones, the denser oceanic plate sinks beneath the continental plate, forming subduction zones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological feature is commonly formed as a result of oceanic-continental convergence?

<p>Deep ocean trenches are commonly formed due to oceanic-continental convergence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does oceanic-continental convergence lead to volcanic activity?

<p>Volcanic activity occurs because the subducting oceanic plate melts and forms magma that rises to the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can you name two plate boundaries associated with oceanic-continental convergence?

<p>The Australian subduction zone and the Eurasian plate are examples of plate boundaries associated with oceanic-continental convergence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plate is denser: oceanic or continental?

<p>The oceanic plate is denser than the continental plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological process leads to the formation of an island arc?

<p>The formation of an island arc occurs when two oceanic plates collide, creating a subduction zone where one plate sinks beneath the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the convergence that forms mountain ranges?

<p>Mountain ranges are formed by the convergence of continental plates that push against each other, leading to uplift and the creation of high plateaus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what occurs during the subduction process.

<p>During subduction, one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the mantle, often causing volcanic activity and earthquakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the sinking of the denser oceanic plate affect land formation?

<p>The sinking of the denser oceanic plate creates spaces where magma can rise to the surface, leading to volcanic island formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify two geological features formed by the collision of oceanic plates.

<p>Two geological features formed are volcanic island arcs and deep oceanic trenches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Earthquake Movement

Earthquakes can cause both vertical and horizontal shifts in the Earth's surface.

Epicenter

The point on Earth's surface directly above where an earthquake originates.

Foreshocks

Smaller earthquakes that occur before a larger earthquake in the same location.

Aftershocks

Smaller earthquakes that occur after a larger earthquake in the same location.

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Earthquake Magnitude

The amount of energy released during an earthquake.

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Earthquake Origin

Earthquakes are caused by sudden movements along a transform fault beneath the Earth's surface.

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Hypocenter

The point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates.

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Volcanic Soil

Volcanic eruptions enrich the soil with nutrients, making it fertile.

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Land Formation

Volcanoes can create new land features like islands and peninsulas.

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Volcanic Aquifers

Volcanic rock can hold groundwater, forming important aquifers.

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Volcanic Tourism

Volcanoes attract tourists due to their unique geological features and beauty.

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Pyroclastic Flows

Fast-moving, superheated currents of gas and rock that can be incredibly destructive.

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Volcanic Infrastructure Damage

Volcanic eruptions can cause damage to roads, buildings, and other infrastructure.

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Volcanic Health Impacts

Volcanic ash and gases can have negative effects on human health.

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Volcanic Crop Damage

Volcanic ash can damage crops and reduce agricultural productivity.

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Volcanic Displacement

Volcanic eruptions can force people to evacuate their homes.

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Active Volcano

A volcano that is currently erupting or has erupted recently.

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Dormant Volcano

A volcano that is not currently erupting but has the potential to erupt again.

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Plate Tectonics

The theory that explains how the Earth's crust is divided into large plates that move and interact.

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Faults

Cracks in the Earth's crust where plates move alongside or away from each other.

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Convergent Boundaries

Places where plates move towards each other and collide.

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Subduction Zones

Areas where one plate sinks beneath another, often forming volcanoes.

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Oceanic-Continental Convergence

When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, causing the denser oceanic plate to sink.

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Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence

When two oceanic plates collide, causing one to sink and form an island arc.

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Third Type of Convergence

When two continental plates collide, forming mountain ranges and plateaus.

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Island Arc

A chain of volcanic islands that forms where an oceanic plate subducts beneath another plate.

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Archipelago

A group of islands clustered together, often formed by volcanic activity.

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Study Notes

Earthquake Characteristics

  • Earthquakes can move both vertically and horizontally.
  • The epicenter of an earthquake experiences the strongest tremors and most damage.
  • Foreshocks are smaller earthquakes that occur before a larger earthquake in the same location.
  • Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes that occur after a larger earthquake in the same location.
  • Magnitude measures the energy released during an earthquake.

Earthquakes

  • Earthquakes are sudden movements below the Earth's surface along a transform fault.
  • The hypocenter is the point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates.
  • The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter.

Benefits of Volcanic Eruptions

  • Soil fertility
  • Land formation (e.g., new islands, peninsulas)
  • Ecosystems aquifiers
  • Geographical tourism

Negative Effects of Volcanic Eruptions

  • Pyroclastic flows can be destructive.
  • Damage to civil infrastructure.
  • Negative health impacts.
  • Ash can damage crops.
  • Population displacement.

Stages of a Volcano

  • Active Stage: Lava and ash are frequently released.
  • Dormant Stage:
    • 10-15 years of inactivity.
    • Steam is released.
    • Has the potential to erupt again.
    • Often described as "sleeping".

Plate Tectonics

  • The Earth's crust is made up of plates that move.
  • Faults: Cracks in the Earth's crust where plates move alongside or away from each other.
  • Convergent Boundaries: Plates move towards each other and collide.
    • Collisions can form subduction zones.
    • A denser oceanic plate (SIMA) can sink under a less dense continental plate (SIAL).

Oceanic-Continental Convergence

  • Occurs at subduction zones like the Australian subduction zone and the Eurasian plate.
  • The denser oceanic plate sinks beneath the continental plate, forming a deep ocean trench.
  • Volcanoes often form above these zones.

Formation of Island Arc or Archipelago

  • Occurs when two oceanic plates collide, with one sinking below the other.
  • Creates a subduction zone and an island arc or archipelago behind the denser plate.

Third Type of Convergence

  • This convergence leads to the formation of mountain ranges and high plateaus.

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Description

This quiz covers key characteristics of earthquakes, including the concepts of epicenter, hypocenter, foreshocks, and aftershocks. It also discusses the benefits and negative effects of volcanic eruptions on the environment and human activities. Test your knowledge on these natural phenomena and their impact on the Earth.

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