Questions and Answers
What is the definition of a fault in the context of geology?
What is the layer of the Earth that is made up of molten nickel and iron?
What is the percentage of the Earth's surface area covered by oceanic crust?
What is the name of the supercontinent that existed around 300-200 million years ago?
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What is the term used to describe the sudden shaking of the ground?
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What is the term used to describe the process of hot, molten rocks rising and cold rocks sinking in the asthenosphere?
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What is the name of the discontinuity between the crust and the upper mantle?
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What is the percentage of the Earth's mass made up of the mantle?
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Which of the following statements about the Earth's crust is true?
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What is the purpose of seismic waves in geology?
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What is the layer of the Earth that is composed mostly of solid iron?
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What is the term used to describe the measure of how compact the mass in a substance or object is?
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What is the process that occurs in the asthenosphere?
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What is the term used to describe a landform where molten materials from the inner Earth are released?
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What is the term used to describe the 3-dimensional space occupied by matter?
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What is the boundary at which seismic waves change velocity?
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What is the layer of the Earth that is made up of a semisolid, rocky, and very hot material?
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Study Notes
Earthquake and Volcano
- Earthquake: Sudden ground shaking causing infrastructure and life destruction.
- Volcano: Landform where molten materials from Earth's interior surface.
Plate Tectonics and Earth Structure
- Pangaea: Supercontinent formed approximately 300-200 million years ago.
- Seismic Waves: Waves that reveal the Earth's internal structure to geologists.
- Fault: Fracture or fracture zone between rock blocks.
Earth's Layers
- Crust: Outermost Earth layer supporting life.
- Mantle: Comprises 80% of Earth's mass; a very hot, semisolid layer beneath the crust.
- Outer Core: Liquid layer primarily composed of molten nickel and iron.
- Inner Core: Solid layer mainly made up of iron.
Density, Volume, and Surface Area
- Volume: Measurement of three-dimensional space occupied by matter.
- Surface Area: Measurement of two-dimensional space occupied by matter.
- Density: Measure of compactness of mass within a substance.
Crust Types
- Continental Crust: Composed of granite, less dense; ranges from 25 to 70 km thick; ages from 3.8 to 4 billion years; makes up 71% of Earth's volume and 40% of its surface area.
- Oceanic Crust: Composed of basalt, more dense; ranges from 7 to 10 km thick; less than 200 years old; comprises 29% of Earth's volume and 60% of its surface area.
Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
- Lithosphere: Combines crust and uppermost part of the mantle.
- Tectonic Plates: Large and small sections that make up the lithosphere.
- Asthenosphere: Below the lithosphere; composed of hot molten rock or magma capable of deformation due to convection currents.
- Hot substances rise due to lower density; cold substances sink due to higher density.
Discontinuities in Earth Science
- Discontinuity: A boundary at which seismic wave velocity varies.
- Mohorovicic Discontinuity: Interface between crust and upper mantle, named after seismologist Andrija Mohorovicic.
- Gutenberg Discontinuity: Boundary between lower mantle and outer core, named after seismologist Beno Gutenberg.
- Lehmann Discontinuity: Boundary between outer and inner core, named after seismologist Inge Lehmann.
Earthquake and Volcano
- Earthquake: Sudden ground shaking causing infrastructure and life destruction.
- Volcano: Landform where molten materials from Earth's interior surface.
Plate Tectonics and Earth Structure
- Pangaea: Supercontinent formed approximately 300-200 million years ago.
- Seismic Waves: Waves that reveal the Earth's internal structure to geologists.
- Fault: Fracture or fracture zone between rock blocks.
Earth's Layers
- Crust: Outermost Earth layer supporting life.
- Mantle: Comprises 80% of Earth's mass; a very hot, semisolid layer beneath the crust.
- Outer Core: Liquid layer primarily composed of molten nickel and iron.
- Inner Core: Solid layer mainly made up of iron.
Density, Volume, and Surface Area
- Volume: Measurement of three-dimensional space occupied by matter.
- Surface Area: Measurement of two-dimensional space occupied by matter.
- Density: Measure of compactness of mass within a substance.
Crust Types
- Continental Crust: Composed of granite, less dense; ranges from 25 to 70 km thick; ages from 3.8 to 4 billion years; makes up 71% of Earth's volume and 40% of its surface area.
- Oceanic Crust: Composed of basalt, more dense; ranges from 7 to 10 km thick; less than 200 years old; comprises 29% of Earth's volume and 60% of its surface area.
Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
- Lithosphere: Combines crust and uppermost part of the mantle.
- Tectonic Plates: Large and small sections that make up the lithosphere.
- Asthenosphere: Below the lithosphere; composed of hot molten rock or magma capable of deformation due to convection currents.
- Hot substances rise due to lower density; cold substances sink due to higher density.
Discontinuities in Earth Science
- Discontinuity: A boundary at which seismic wave velocity varies.
- Mohorovicic Discontinuity: Interface between crust and upper mantle, named after seismologist Andrija Mohorovicic.
- Gutenberg Discontinuity: Boundary between lower mantle and outer core, named after seismologist Beno Gutenberg.
- Lehmann Discontinuity: Boundary between outer and inner core, named after seismologist Inge Lehmann.
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Test your knowledge of geology and earth sciences concepts, including earthquakes, volcanos, Pangea, seismic waves, faults, and the Earth's crust.
