Questions and Answers
What term describes the movement of rock, debris, and soil down a slope?
What can be found along the Pacific Ocean that is significant for geological activity?
Which method do geologists primarily use to separate geological time into periods?
What is the primary factor that differentiates intrusive igneous rocks from extrusive igneous rocks?
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What is a characteristic of the process of metamorphism?
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What typically causes the grain size of rocks to become coarse with increased depth?
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What is the term for the melting process that occurs when water or carbon dioxide is added to hot rocks?
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How is heat energy primarily transmitted through materials?
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What primarily affects conduction on the Earth's surface?
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Which process occurs after weathering in the formation of sedimentary rocks?
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What type of sedimentary rock is formed from halite?
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What is a significant effect of the ozone layer on Earth?
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Which of the following is a possible cause of a landslide?
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Which mineral property is exhibited by mica?
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What distinguishes Earth from other planets in the Solar System?
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Which of the following describes the two seasons in the Philippines?
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Study Notes
Earth's Surface and Heat Transfer
- Conduction on Earth’s surface is influenced by heat from the Earth's core and solar radiation.
- Surface conduction raises the temperature of the atmosphere as warmer surfaces heat air molecules in contact with them.
- Radioactive decay generates significant internal heat; this process occurs throughout Earth and is associated with spontaneous nuclear disintegration of elements.
Weathering Processes
- Chemical weathering is exemplified by the dissolution of minerals like halite in water; limestone weathering leads to cave formation.
- Physical weathering includes processes like freezing and thawing, temperature variations, and animal burrowing that breaks down rocks.
- Sedimentary rock formation follows this order: weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation.
Rocks and Minerals
- Halite forms chemical sedimentary rock; mica displays cleavage as a characteristic property of minerals.
- Rocks generally consist of a mixture of various minerals, which are the fundamental components of rocks.
Earth’s Atmosphere and Biosphere
- The ozone layer plays a crucial role in cooling Earth through water vapor evaporation.
- The biosphere encompasses all living organisms, including humans, adapting to Earth's environmental conditions.
Earth's Unique Features
- Earth is the only rocky planet in the Solar System, supporting life due to its moderate temperature range.
- The Philippines experiences two distinct seasons: wet and dry.
Landslides and Natural Hazards
- Human activities, such as demolition and land clearing, can trigger landslides; slope excavation is a potential cause.
- Promoting community programs can help mitigate coastal hazards.
- The Cordillera Administrative Region in the Philippines is prone to landslides due to proximity to mountain ranges.
Geological Time and Fossils
- Eons and eras end in “zoic” to signify the era's dominant animal life.
- Fossils are crucial for understanding Earth's history and are classified by age via relative dating, which utilizes stratigraphy principles.
Plate Tectonics and Geological Features
- New crust formation occurs at divergent boundaries where magma rises between plates.
- The San Andreas Fault is a strike-slip fault between the North American and Pacific Plates.
- Seafloor spreading reveals ocean crust is younger than continental crust.
Types of Igneous Rocks
- Intrusive igneous rocks, such as diorite, gabbro, and granite, exhibit larger crystals due to slower cooling times.
- Extrusive igneous rocks, like basalt and scoria, cool quickly, resulting in smaller crystals.
Metamorphism and Rock Changes
- Metamorphic processes produce foliated rocks (e.g., slate, gneiss) through conditions of heat and pressure.
- Contact metamorphism occurs when magma alters surrounding rocks, resulting in non-foliated formations.
Factors Affecting Melting and Metamorphism
- Increased depth leads to coarser grain size in rocks due to rising temperature and pressure.
- Partial melting of magma occurs through decompression melting at convergent boundaries, with the addition of volatiles lowering melting points.
Conduction and Heat Transfer
- Heat energy is transmitted through conduction, involving collisions between neighboring atoms and molecules.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Earth's surface heat transfer, weathering processes, and the characteristics of rocks and minerals. This quiz covers key concepts such as conduction, weathering types, and the formation of sedimentary rocks. Expand your understanding of geology and the processes shaping our planet.
