Earth Science: Igneous Rocks and Weathering

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Questions and Answers

What geological feature is commonly formed at a divergent boundary?

  • Volcanic arc
  • Trench
  • Rift valley (correct)
  • Mountain range

Which process describes the alteration of a rock's mineral composition due to chemical reactions?

  • Physical weathering
  • Mechanical weathering
  • Biological weathering
  • Chemical weathering (correct)

What term describes the process of creating reusable products from old materials?

  • Converting waste to energy
  • Creating reusable products (correct)
  • Burning non-biodegradable items
  • Compressing solid waste

Which type of rock is most likely to form at mid-ocean ridges?

<p>Extrusive igneous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the repeated freezing and thawing of water in rock cracks?

<p>Frost wedging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the geological process that occurs primarily due to magma rising from deep in the mantle?

<p>Volcanic hotspot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method can effectively lower the melting point of rocks by adding water?

<p>Flux melting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is most likely to accelerate the weathering process?

<p>Acid rain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Composting is considered an example of which environmental practice?

<p>Waste reduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common result of soil and water contamination?

<p>Loss of biodiversity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of weathering involves the breaking of rocks into smaller pieces without changing their composition?

<p>Physical weathering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of igneous rock forms when magma cools slowly beneath the Earth's surface?

<p>Intrusive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological process is primarily responsible for the formation of oceanic trenches?

<p>Subduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the Earth is responsible for generating convection currents that drive tectonic plates?

<p>Mantle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor causing magma to rise toward the surface?

<p>Lower density than surrounding rocks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes most to soil erosion?

<p>Deforestation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main driver of seafloor spreading?

<p>Mantle convection currents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of mantle rock melting due to reduced pressure is called:

<p>Decompression melting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary environmental impact of improper hazardous waste disposal?

<p>Water contamination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is involved in the transformation of sediment into sedimentary rock?

<p>Compaction and cementation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary environmental benefit of the practice known as the '3 R's'?

<p>Reduces landfill space usage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is correctly described as occurring without altering the mineral composition of rocks?

<p>Physical weathering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of rocks are formed from magma that solidifies beneath the Earth's surface?

<p>Intrusive igneous rocks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which boundary type is primarily responsible for the formation of mid-ocean ridges?

<p>Divergent boundary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective way to manage solid waste?

<p>Recycling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of melting occurs due to a decrease in pressure?

<p>Decompression melting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary contributors to agricultural runoff?

<p>Chemical fertilizers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high surface area of rocks have on the weathering process?

<p>Accelerates the weathering process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What layer of the Earth is responsible for tectonic plate motion?

<p>Mantle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes solid waste?

<p>Includes both biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three R's of waste management?

<p>Recycle, Reduce, Reuse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geological feature is formed by tectonic plates moving apart?

<p>Mid-Ocean Ridges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver of tectonic plate motion within the Earth's mantle?

<p>Convection Current (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes involves the oxidation of minerals like iron?

<p>Chemical Weathering (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs as a result of plumes of hot mantle rock rising?

<p>Volcanic Hotspot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of melting occurs due to the reduction of pressure in mantle rocks?

<p>Decompression Melting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of heat within the Earth's interior?

<p>Core (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factors accelerate the weathering process?

<p>Temperature and Moisture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of rock is formed through heat and pressure without melting?

<p>Metamorphic Rock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What waste management method turns organic waste into nutrient-rich material?

<p>Composting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Earth's magnetic field source

Molten iron in the outer core creates Earth's magnetic field through a process called geodynamo.

Divergent boundary feature

A rift valley forms at a divergent plate boundary.

Recycling's waste reduction

Recycling reduces waste by creating reusable products from old materials, and by converting waste to energy in some cases.

Weathering mineral alteration

Chemical weathering changes a rock's mineral composition.

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Water's effect on rock melting

Adding water to a rock lowers its melting point.

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Composting example

Composting is a method of organic waste recycling.

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Mid-ocean ridge rock

Extrusive igneous rocks are most commonly found at mid-ocean ridges.

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Rock crack widening process

Frost wedging is the repeated freezing and thawing of water in rock cracks.

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Volcanic hotspot cause

A volcanic hotspot is caused by magma rising from deep in the mantle.

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Accelerated rock weathering

Acid rain accelerates the weathering process.

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Intrusive Igneous Rock

Igneous rock that forms when magma cools slowly beneath the Earth's surface.

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Subduction

A geological process where one tectonic plate slides beneath another.

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Mantle Convection

Convection currents in the Earth's mantle that drive tectonic plates.

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Lower Density

Magma rises because it is less dense than the surrounding rocks.

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Physical Weathering

Breaking of rocks into smaller pieces without changing their composition.

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Soil Erosion

The process of soil being worn away by natural forces.

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Decompression Melting

Melting of mantle rock due to reduced pressure.

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Mantle Convection

Mantle convection currents drive seafloor spreading.

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Improper Hazardous Waste Disposal

Leads to environmental damage.

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Seafloor Spreading

The process that creates new oceanic crust.

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Environmental benefit of the 3 R's

Reduces landfill space usage

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Lithosphere

Earth's crust and rigid upper mantle

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Composting

Reduces biodegradable waste

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Agricultural runoff

Waste from livestock farming, not gaseous.

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Mantle

Earth layer driving tectonic plate motion

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Flux melting

Melting rocks with added water

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Earth's core

Source of Earth's magnetic field

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High rock surface area

Speeds up weathering (not slows it down)

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Less Dense

Magma rises because it is less dense than surrounding rocks.

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Outer Core

Earth layer where molten iron movement generates magnetic field.

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Convection Current

Primary driver of tectonic plate motion within Earth's mantle.

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Mid-Ocean Ridges

Geological feature formed where tectonic plates move apart.

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Volcanic Hotspot

Natural phenomenon caused by plumes of hot mantle rock rising.

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Study Notes

Igneous Rocks

  • Igneous rocks form when magma cools.
  • Intrusive rocks cool slowly beneath the Earth's surface.
  • Extrusive rocks cool quickly at the surface.

Geological Processes

  • Subduction is a process where one tectonic plate slides beneath another.
  • Seafloor spreading is the process that creates new ocean floor as magma rises and cools at mid-ocean ridges.
  • Convection currents in the mantle drive tectonic plate movement.
  • The mantle is responsible for generating convection currents.

Weathering

  • Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their composition.
  • Chemical weathering changes the chemical composition of rocks through reactions with elements.
  • Biological weathering involves the breaking down of rocks by living organisms.
  • Examples of physical weathering: frost wedging (repeated freezing and thawing of water in rock cracks), exfoliation (shedding of outer rock layers), abrasion (wearing down of rocks).
  • Examples of chemical weathering: oxidation (reaction with oxygen), carbonation (reaction with carbon dioxide).

Soil Erosion

  • Deforestation contributes greatly to soil erosion.
  • Planting crops helps prevent soil erosion.

Mantle Rock Melting

  • Decompression melting occurs when pressure is reduced, causing mantle rock to melt.
  • Thermal melting occurs when heat is added to mantle rock.

Seafloor Spreading

  • Mantle convection currents are the main driver of seafloor spreading.

Environmental Impacts

  • Improper hazardous waste disposal leads to soil and water contamination.

Plate Boundaries

  • Divergent boundaries create new crust.
  • Convergent boundaries create volcanoes or trenches.

Recycling

  • Recycling reduces waste by creating reusable products.

Weathering Factors

  • Water, temperature variations, and acid rain can accelerate the weathering process.
  • High surface area of rocks speeds up weathering.

Earth's Interior

  • The core is responsible for generating the Earth's magnetic field.
  • The mantle moves tectonic plates and generates heat.

Waste Management

  • Landfilling is not the most effective way to manage all types of waste.
  • Composting turns organic waste into nutrient-rich material.

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