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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Earth's system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Earth's system?
Heat within the Earth only originates from the sun.
Heat within the Earth only originates from the sun.
False (B)
What is the formula for density, using M and V?
What is the formula for density, using M and V?
D = M/V
In the lava lamp analogy, the heated wax rises because it becomes ______ dense than the surrounding liquid.
In the lava lamp analogy, the heated wax rises because it becomes ______ dense than the surrounding liquid.
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Match the Earth layers with their density, from lowest to highest:
Match the Earth layers with their density, from lowest to highest:
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What is a key characteristic of low-mass stars?
What is a key characteristic of low-mass stars?
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Astrology is considered a science because it makes testable predictions about celestial events.
Astrology is considered a science because it makes testable predictions about celestial events.
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What type of reaction occurs in the layer around the core of a giant star?
What type of reaction occurs in the layer around the core of a giant star?
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What is the primary factor that determines a star's classification?
What is the primary factor that determines a star's classification?
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A star with a high surface temperature will appear reddish in color.
A star with a high surface temperature will appear reddish in color.
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What is the name of the hypothesis that explains the formation of our solar system?
What is the name of the hypothesis that explains the formation of our solar system?
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The core of a massive star that collapses after a supernova can become a ______.
The core of a massive star that collapses after a supernova can become a ______.
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Match the term with its definition:
Match the term with its definition:
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What process is responsible for the formation of layers within a planet?
What process is responsible for the formation of layers within a planet?
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The Earth's early atmosphere was rich in oxygen.
The Earth's early atmosphere was rich in oxygen.
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What is the name for loose collections of rocky material, dust, water ice, and frozen gases that orbit the sun?
What is the name for loose collections of rocky material, dust, water ice, and frozen gases that orbit the sun?
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The shape of Earth's orbit, which varies between circular and elliptical, is known as ______.
The shape of Earth's orbit, which varies between circular and elliptical, is known as ______.
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What is the main process that forms grains during weathering?
What is the main process that forms grains during weathering?
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The near side of the Moon is always facing away from the Earth.
The near side of the Moon is always facing away from the Earth.
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Match the type of planet with its description:
Match the type of planet with its description:
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What is the name of initial stage of a star's development, before it starts fusing hydrogen in its core?
What is the name of initial stage of a star's development, before it starts fusing hydrogen in its core?
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The shedding of a star's outer layers, creating a glowing cloud of gas, is known as a ______.
The shedding of a star's outer layers, creating a glowing cloud of gas, is known as a ______.
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What is the primary material of a molecular cloud where stars are born?
What is the primary material of a molecular cloud where stars are born?
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Study Notes
Earth Science Introduction
- Earth science encompasses geosphere (rocks, minerals, core), hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (weather), and biosphere (all life).
- Heat sources include the sun, space, and radioactive decay within Earth.
- Density is equal mass divided by volume, influencing Earth's layers.
- Substances solidify at different temperatures, denser layers at the core.
- Heat reduces density; hotter objects have lower density.
- Convection in the mantle (hot rising, cool sinking) drives hotspots.
- Convection in the atmosphere is demonstrated by hot air rising and cooling to form clouds.
Strengths of Science
- Science is based on facts, physical objects, and observations.
- Hypotheses, theories, and laws must be testable with data.
- Astronomy is a science making predictions; astrology is not science.
Main Sequence Star Stage
- Low-mass stars (less than half the sun's mass) burn slowly and never become red giants.
- After hydrogen depletion, they cool into dwarf stars.
- Intermediate-mass stars (like our sun) eventually run out of hydrogen, enlarge, and become red giants, then cool to dwarf stars.
Fate of Massive Stars
- Stars greater than 8 times the sun's mass experience core collapse and supernova explosions.
- These explosions result in either a neutron star or a black hole; remnants.
Limitations of Space
- The personal backgrounds of scientists influence their research questions and interpretations of data.
- Bias, interests, and experiences shape science.
Nuclear Fusion
- Stars fuse hydrogen into helium and other elements.
- Stellar classification is based on luminosity, color, and temperature.
Star Brightness
- Brightness is related to temperature; hotter stars are brighter and blue.
- Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams classify stars.
Molecular Clouds
- Regions of dense gas and dust where stars are born.
- Gravity pulls matter together, creating extreme heat to form protostars.
Formation of the Solar System
- Solar nebula hypothesis describes the formation of the sun and planets from an interstellar cloud.
- This cloud collapses and rotates, forming a flattened disk.
- Smaller objects condense and accumulate to form planets and other bodies.
Inner Rocky Planets vs. Outer Gas Giants
- Inner planets are smaller, denser, and rock-and-metal based.
- Outer planets have lower density and are primarily hydrogen, helium, and hydrogen compounds.
Formation of Planetary Layers
- Planetary layers differentiate as planets cool.
- Dense materials sink to the center and less dense materials rise.
The Crust, Mantle, and Core
- Crust is the outermost, less dense, and brittle layer.
- Mantle is beneath the crust, less dense than the core, and dense rocks.
- The core is the innermost layer having the highest density consisting of iron and nickel.
Origin of Atmosphere, Oceans, and Life
- The early atmosphere was formed through outgassing.
- Water vapor condensed to form oceans.
- Early life may have appeared about 2.45 billion years ago.
Eccentricity and Shape of Earth's Orbit
- Earth's orbit cycles between high and low eccentricity.
- Low eccentricity means a more circular orbit.
Origin of the Moon
- The giant-impact hypothesis proposes a Mars-sized object collided with early Earth.
- The resulting debris formed the Moon.
Asteroids and Comets
- Asteroids are rocky objects that orbit between Mars and Jupiter (Asteroid Belt).
- Comets are icy objects in the outer solar system (Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud).
Meteoroids, Meteors, and Meteorites
- Meteoroids are small chunks of debris in space.
- Meteors are meteoroids that enter Earth's atmosphere and burn up.
- Meteorites are meteors that survive the atmosphere and land on Earth.
- Weathering involves mechanical processes of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces.
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts in Earth Science including the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It examines heat sources, density principles, and convection processes that affect Earth's layers and climate. Additionally, it distinguishes between scientific principles and non-scientific beliefs.
