Earth and Life Science Midterm 2 Review
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What is the fundamental building block of the universe according to string theory?

  • Tiny particles
  • Electrons
  • Vibrating strings of energy (correct)
  • Quarks

    • Which theory suggests that the universe is the same at any time and location?

  • Steady State Theory (correct)
  • Pulsating Theory
  • String Theory
  • M-Theory

    • Who is associated with the development of M-Theory?

  • Fred Hoyle
  • Gabriele Veneziano
  • Edward Witten (correct)
  • Paul Steinhardt

    • In the context of the Pulsating Theory, what does the term 'Branes' refer to?

    <p>Multi-dimensional objects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cosmological phenomena struggles to be explained by the Steady State Theory?

    <p>Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts is introduced by M-Theory?

    <p>Branes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect characterizes the universe in the Pulsating Theory model?

    <p>Oscillating cycles of inflation and contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who among the following is NOT associated with the Steady State Theory?

    <p>Roger Penrose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic describes how a mineral's surface reflects light?

    <p>Luster (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a mineral as inorganic?

    <p>Does not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties is considered more reliable for mineral identification?

    <p>Streak (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of synthetic minerals?

    <p>They are manufactured in laboratories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'streak' refer to in mineral identification?

    <p>The mineral's powder color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT typically part of a mineral's chemical composition?

    <p>Carbon (B), Hydrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for quartz?

    <p>SiO2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of light might be absorbed by colored minerals?

    <p>Certain wavelengths (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary divisions of the geologic time scale?

    <p>Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event marks the end of the Paleozoic Era?

    <p>A major mass extinction event (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which eon did the formation of the Earth occur?

    <p>Hadean Eon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period is divided into the most epochs?

    <p>Cenozoic Period (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary condition of the Earth during the Hadean Eon?

    <p>A magma ocean (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which eon did Homo Sapiens Sapiens first appear?

    <p>Phanerozoic Eon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major atmosphere condition was present during the Hadean Eon?

    <p>A toxic unbreathable atmosphere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of the divisions in the geological time scale?

    <p>Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for molten rock material before it is erupted onto the surface?

    <p>Magma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of igneous rock solidifies within the Earth?

    <p>Intrusive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of extrusive igneous rocks?

    <p>Form from rapid cooling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the MOHS hardness scale measure?

    <p>Resistance of a mineral to scratching (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the theory of continental drift propose about continents?

    <p>Continents were once a single landmass and have gradually moved. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines cleavage in minerals?

    <p>The way minerals break along planes of weakness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which era is known for the appearance of mammals and the expansion of angiosperms?

    <p>Cenozoic Era (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the break in a mineral that does not follow a plane of weakness?

    <p>Fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological evidence supports the theory of continental drift?

    <p>Matching mountain ranges on separate continents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock forms from the accumulation or deposition of mineral particles?

    <p>Sedimentary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which eon did the Earth's crust and oceans begin to form?

    <p>Hadean Eon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of volcanic rocks?

    <p>They have a very fine-grained or glassy groundmass (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event occurred during the Paleozoic Era?

    <p>The appearance of many life forms and Pangaea's existence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms coevolved leading to the emergence of angiosperms as the dominant plant form?

    <p>Angiosperms and insects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT associated with the Mesozoic Era?

    <p>The appearance of hominids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as the 'Hell on Earth' period?

    <p>Hadean Eon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the processes that cause particles to settle in place called?

    <p>Sedimentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common type of sedimentary rock?

    <p>Marble (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the formation of sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Deposition of sediments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do metamorphic rocks form?

    <p>From high heat and pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is classified as a sediment?

    <p>Silt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the rock cycle?

    <p>Earth’s internal heat and pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock is formed first in the rock cycle?

    <p>Igneous rock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sediments when they get buried?

    <p>They lose water and become cemented (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Earth and Life Science Midterm 2 Review

    • Universe and the Solar System:
      • Big Bang Theory: Proposed by Friedmann and Lamaître, suggesting the universe began as a singularity, expanded rapidly, and cooled, forming basic elements like hydrogen and helium. Evidence includes Hubble's observation of redshift (galaxies receding) and the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR).
      • Origin of the Solar System: The solar system formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust (solar nebula). Gravity caused the cloud to collapse, forming a spinning disk. The sun formed at the center, and planets formed from the remaining material.
      • Classification of Planets: Planets are categorized based on composition and size. Terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are rocky and relatively small, while Jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are gaseous giants.

    Earth's Subsystems

    • History of Earth and Deformation of the Crust:
      • Geologic Time Scale: Divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs. Each division represents major changes in life forms and geological events. The largest division is the eon (Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic). The Phanerozoic eon is further subdivided into eras, such as Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.
      • Pangaea: A supercontinent that existed before the continents we know today.
      • Plate Tectonics: Describing the movement of the Earth's tectonic plates and the causes of various geological processes like mountain building, earthquakes, and volcanoes.
    • Minerals and Rocks:
      • Minerals: Naturally occurring inorganic solids with a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition. Classified based on their physical properties (color, luster, hardness, cleavage and fracture).
      • Rocks: Aggregates of one or more minerals. Three main types: igneous (formed from cooled magma), sedimentary (formed from accumulated sediments), and metamorphic (formed from existing rocks changed by heat and pressure).

    Formation of Basic Elements

    • Basic elements like hydrogen and helium nuclei were formed during the early universe.
    • The universe was in the form of radiation initially. Then matter started to dominate and other elements formed.

    Evidence of Big Bang Theory

    • Hubble's observation of redshift (distant galaxies appear to be moving away from us)
    • Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR), an afterglow of the Big Bang.

    Properties of the Solar System

    • Planetary orbits are nearly circular and lie nearly on the same plane.
    • Planets and satellites orbit the sun in the same direction.
    • The solar system also contains asteroids and comets.

    Classification of Planets (More Detail)

    • Terrestrial Planets: Small, rocky planets with metallic cores, closer to the sun.
    • Jovian Planets: Large, gaseous planets, further from the sun, with low densities.

    Earth's Habitable Features

    • A suitable atmosphere (containing oxygen)
    • Liquid water
    • Magnetic Field
    • Presence of nutrients
    • Habitable zone around a star.

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    Earth & Life Science Midterm 2 Reviewer PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your Midterm 2 in Earth and Life Science with this comprehensive review. Covering topics such as the Big Bang Theory, the origin of the solar system, and the classification of planets. Ensure you understand Earth's subsystems and the history of our planet to ace your exam!

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