Early Years of Planned Development in India
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Questions and Answers

Which statement correctly describes the challenges faced by Indian planners during the Third Plan?

  • Foreign exchange was not a significant concern for technology acquisition.
  • Food production was prioritized over industrial development.
  • There was an equal focus on both industry and agriculture.
  • Industry attracted more investment than agriculture, leading to potential food shortages. (correct)

    • Which of the following statements correctly reflects a criticism of the planning strategies during the Third Plan?

  • Heavy industries were prioritized for immediate agricultural benefits.
  • Planning was solely focused on rural development.
  • There was a clear bias toward urban development over agricultural needs. (correct)
  • The strategies emphasized the importance of cooperative farming.

    • Which of the following ideas was not part of the early phase of India’s development policy?

  • Self-sufficiency
  • Planning
  • Cooperative Farming
  • Liberalisation (correct)

    • From which of the following did the idea of planning in India mainly draw inspiration?

    <p>Gandhian vision of society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does the Bombay Plan support regarding industry ownership?

    <p>State-ownership of industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main challenge addressed by the leaders of independent India in the context of economic development?

    <p>Ensuring well-being for all through planned development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies was NOT part of the leaders' approach to economic development in the first two decades after independence?

    <p>Emphasis on privatization of all economic sectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the limitations of the economic development strategy adopted by the leaders after independence?

    <p>Limited success due to tougher economic challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the leaders abandon their initial development strategy in later years?

    <p>They realized it was economically unsustainable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant resource in Orissa has influenced the state's economic development strategy?

    <p>Iron ore reserves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Early Years of Planned Development in India

    • India had a significant need for economic development following independence with a focus on industrialization and modernizing the economy.
    • This focus on industry contributed to a 'an urban bias' in development policy.
    • The Bombay Plan drafted by leading industrialists in 1944 called for a comprehensive plan aimed at promoting industrialization and economic development.
    • The Bombay Plan supported a key role for the state in industry, with its proponents supporting state-owned industry.
    • The Planning Commission was formed in India shortly after independence and was led by the Prime Minister. It was tasked with determining the path and strategy for national development.
    • The first two decades of Indian economic development was defined by five-year plans (FYP) which aimed to establish government objectives for income and expenditure for a five year period.
    • The USSR model of development was seen as a potential path forward, but early economic development in India also reflected ambitions to move towards a model more similar to the US and European nations.
    • The First Five Year Plan had a strong focus on agriculture, but the Second Plan shifted towards a more industrialized approach.
    • The Second Five Year Plan saw a greater emphasis on heavy industries which was criticized by some as prioritizing industrial interests over agriculture.
    • The debate surrounding development strategies and policy focused on the relative merits of both socialist and capitalist approaches.
    • Despite these debates, India's economic development during this period was largely influenced by a combination of both socialist and capitalist elements, reflecting the complexities of navigating development in a newly independent country.
    • The emphasis on state ownership and control of some key economic sectors was seen as essential for improving productivity and curbing economic concentration.
    • At the same time, the Indian government also pursued liberal economic policies and incentives to encourage private investment in order to achieve rapid economic growth.
    • The Congress party itself internally struggled with competing political agendas around how to best achieve development goals.
    • While the Congress party advocated for socialist principles, its government pursued liberal economic policies – a contradiction that could be linked to the political landscape and the nature of the opposition parties.
    • Internal differences within the Congress party existed between the central leadership and state-level leaders as they sought to balance priorities within the country.
    • Key debates included the role of state versus private enterprise, the need for equitable distribution of resources, and the promotion of an appropriate balance between rural and urban development.

    Key Figures and Institutions

    • Charan Singh: A prominent figure in Indian politics, he was known for his focus on agriculture and the welfare of farmers.
    • P.C. Mahalanobis: A prominent economist and statistician who played a significant role in shaping India's Second Five Year Plan, his work played a key role in developing the plan's focus on heavy industries.

    Key Themes and Debates

    • Urban Bias: This concept refers to the tendency for development policies to favor urban areas at the expense of rural areas.

    • Modernization: The idea that countries should strive to become more like industrialized Western countries, including adopting their social and economic systems.

    • Self-Sufficiency: The goal of becoming economically independent from other nations, particularly from foreign aid.

    • Planning: The process of setting economic targets, allocating resources, and coordinating various economic activities to achieve national goals.

    • Socialism: A political ideology that emphasizes social ownership or collective control of the means of production.

    • Liberalism: A political ideology that emphasizes individual liberty and rights, limited government intervention in the economy, and free market principles.

    • Contradictions in Development Policy: The simultaneous pursuit of socialist principles and liberal economic policies, and the resulting tensions between these contradictory goals.

    • Debate over Development Strategies: The ongoing discussion about the relative merits of different development paths, such as the USSR model versus the US or European models, or the use of socialist versus capitalist approaches.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the early phases of economic development in India post-independence. It highlights the significance of the Bombay Plan, the establishment of the Planning Commission, and the implementation of five-year plans aimed at industrialization. Additionally, it delves into the influences and strategies that shaped India's development policies during this crucial period.

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