Early US Expansion and Native American Issues

• Electors weren't based on popular vote in early elections
• Popular vote electoral colleges weren't awarded until around 1830
• Tie in the election led to two separate votes and the VP voted separately, eliminating the tie possibility

Treaty of Paris

• The US Geographical expansion resulted from the Treaty of Paris
• Started with the 13 colonies
• The US acquired all land west, leading to conflict with Native Americans

Native American Issues

• Destroying the NA community was proposed
• Henry Knox suggested assimilating the NA
• The NA had options to deal with US citizens moving West, including:
  • Making treaties
  • Trying to assimilate
  • Resisting through fighting
  • Selling the land

Land Acquisition

• Native Americans to the east of the Mississippi were pushed westward
• Land west began becoming states
• Treaties with NA weren't always fair
• Bribery was sometimes utilized to get Native Americans to give up their land
• Military force was used before treaties on occasion
• The US ultimately acquired the land they desired
• The Treaty of McIntosh and Finney asked for Ohio lands, but it was repudiated

Treaties

• Treaty of Stanwix affected NY and Pennsylvania
• They formed the Western Confederacy and crushed American Forces
• Washington doubled the size of the army and defeated NA at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, this treaty was forced
• Treaty of Greenville stipulated the US would acknowledge NA ownership of land and NA would give up Ohio lands
• The NA rejected assimilating to Western life

Migration and Farm Economy

• People from different regions in the Eastern population centers moved west
• People moved from the upper South to Kentucky and Tennessee like white tenant farmers wanting their own land
• People from the lower south (Carolinas) moved into Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana as settlers moved west from New England, Massachusetts, and Connecticut to western NY
• Westward migration increased demand for cotton, leading to 150,000 more African slaves and growth in slavery

Jeffersonian Presidency

• Jefferson entered the presidency with gratitude, a sense of responsibility, fairness, honesty, and dedication
• Jefferson was humble and anxious about the magnitude of the undertaking
• He looked to Congress and the American people for help

Inaugural Address themes

• Unity
• Government based on limits placed by the US Constitution
• Civil liberties
• Freedom of speech and religion
• Personal humility
• Peaceful foreign policy

Jefferson's Goals

• Peace and commerce with all nations
• Reduced government power
• Economic stability and laissez faire
• Low taxes and frugal spending
• Well-trained militia
• Protect people's freedoms and rights
• Great support for agriculture
• More power in the states

Political Unity

• Jefferson said "we are all republicans, we are all federalists" to unify everyone and focus on shared core values
• Political parties should not divide Americans

American Exceptionalism Theme

• Jefferson touched on the theme of American exceptionalism in his speech
• Separated from the havoc of the globe
• Destined to be a great nation

Changes to Federalist Policies

• Jefferson repealed the Judiciary Act to try and remove judges
• Didn't renew the Alien Acts
• Restored Naturalization Act to 5 years
• Abolished all internal taxes
• Lowered the price of land in the West
• The treasury secretary reduced the national debt using tariffs and reducing government size and army

Policies Kept

• Jefferson kept the national bank, assumption plan, loose interpretation of the Constitution to buy Louisiana
• He only removed 69 of 433 Federalist officeholders

Darren Staloff Reading

• Jefferson supported training for NA farmers to transition from nomadic to settled, using less land
• Jefferson wanted to buy land around the Mississippi and Ohio River to encircle NA and lower land prices
• There was a strategy to get NA into debt in exchange for land

Louisiana Purchase Reasons

• Napoleon secretly agreed to take over Louisiana but was fearful of France taking over which would've blocked a port and threatened eastward expansion, leading to negotiators being sent
• Napoleon sold because Saint-Domingue failed to capture

Louisiana Purchase Effects

• Money needed to fight his European wars, and Britain could've gotten control
• Doubled the size of the US
• Louisiana could force NA
• Allowed for many new states, expansion, and permanent access to the Mississippi River
• Jefferson easily won the election of 1804 in part due to this

Negative Effects of Purchase

• Could extend slavery, Federalists worried about more agrarian, slave-based states hurting their power, large territory to control, people were under French rule
• Jefferson had to use a loose interpretation
• Jefferson avoided talking about the purchase to avoid claims of it being unconstitutional
• Every time a new territory applied to statehood, there was deliberation if the state would be free or slave

Barbary Pirates Strategy

• From 1783 to 1800, the U.S. paid tribute to the Barbary States to prevent attacks like a bribe
• Congress allocated funds for negotiations and ransom payments
• Thomas Jefferson attempted to form an international coalition against the pirates, it failed. Despite Jefferson's opposition to tribute, the U.S. made payments, including a large amount in 1795 to ransom 115 sailors
• Jefferson believed paying tribute only encouraged more demands, and started a new policy

New Policy implementation

• Jefferson sent naval forces to the Mediterranean
• He used military pressure to force the Barbary States into submission
• The U.S. waged a four-year naval campaign against Tripoli, using both sea and land forces
• The new policy was successful, paid less and stopped completely in 1815

Jefferson's policies

• Realist, interventionist, opportunistic, and practical
• Took opportunities: buy land with loose interpretations, peacefully took this opportunity to stop paying tribute

Court Cases

• Judicial Review is unique
• Marbury v. Madison is very important
• Judicial review was discussed at the constitutional convention and in the Federalist papers The Constitution does not explicitly discuss judicial review
• Interpreters talk about judicial review and took 14 years to establish judicial review
• The judicial branch decides on the constitutionality of executive and legislative branch decisions
• State supreme courts also have it at the state level
• It's based on plaintiff bringing case to court like states suing the government for getting rid of birthright citizenship
• It will eventually be appealed to the supreme court and they will have a final say
• Somebody has to bring a court case to actually do something

Famous Cases

• First used in 1794 upheld the constitutionality of a law concerning a tax on carriages
• 1803 Marbury v. Madison the Supreme Court declared a law unconstitutional for the first time,
• 1857 Dred Scott decided the Missouri compromise was unconstitutional
• 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, separate and equal races can be separated but have equal facilities
• 1954 Brown vs. Board of Ed decided laws segregating schools were unconstitutional, overturned separate and equal
• 1973 Rowe v. Wade laws that say abortions are illegal are unconstitutional, abortion became legal nationwide, but then overturned, and banning it is constitutional
• 2012 Supreme Court decided most parts of the national health care law (Obamacare) are constitutional
• 2022 Dobbs v. Jackson Health Care Row v. Wade is overturned, states now decide if abortion is legal

Current Abortion Laws

• Some states say abortion will only be allowed in rape, incest, or health of the mother
• Some states say you can only get an abortion if the life of the mother is in danger no exception for rape or incest
• Some doctors are scared to do abortions in this case, because there can be disagreements if the life is truly in danger
• No states outlaw it entirely at the moment

Marbury v. Madison significance

• The judiciary act of 1801: John Adams appoints federalist judges, as well as Marshall to the Supreme Court know in modern terms as a court packing scheme
• Jefferson took office March 4, Adams had a few weeks to hand out the commissions that gave people their appointments, not all given
• Madison is Jefferson's sec of state, who is supposed to deliver papers to appointed judges, but Jefferson says don't do it
• Marbury isn't given his papers to be a judge
• Judiciary Act of 1789 said SC has the power to command federal officials to deliver appointments, so Marbury takes the case to SC and tries to force them to give him position (writ of mandamus)

Marbury significance

• Jefferson would refuse to obey command by Supreme Court to deliver commissions, lowers prestige
• If he didn't order the president to deliver documents, looks weak
• Marbury did have the right to the position
• Laws passed by the national government provided Marshall a way to set things right in the Judiciary Act of 1789 but then realizes this act isn't constitutional
• Concept is Original vs. Appellate Jurisdiction in Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of Constitution

Jurisdiction

• Original jurisdiction goes straight to the supreme court for cases affecting Ambassadors, public Ministers and Consuls
• The judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional because there is no original jurisdiction over this type of case Marbury would have to go to a lower court and appeal up

Interpreting the Constitution

• Four methods mentioned in the reading to interpret the Constitution
• Using contemporary social values shows that the Constitution can evolve over time
• Using literal text remains true to still need to stick to the Constitution
• Using basic principles and values maintains Constitutional ideas but still evolving for the current social situation
• Using the intentions of the writers (originalist interpretation) the majority of our supreme court justices believe in the original interpretation and documents from the time, not social or values
• The interpreter holds too much power if values are used

Burr Conspiracy

• Burr wanted to possibly divide the west and divide Mexico from the West of the nation
• Burr has an arrest warrant out for murdering Hamilton
• Wilkinson was Governor of Louisiana and the Commander of Army who turned Burr into Jefferson
• Burr was charged with treason and the crime is levying war against the US or giving aid/comfort to the enemy

Burr Treason

• Treason required two witnesses to testify, which Burr didn't have
• Burr was power-hungry and the US had a lot of corruption with attempts at foreign influence
• Not super united, and there was very little supervision outside of the thirteen colonies
• Justice system is not very strong

Lewis and Clark

• Mapped out the entire Louisiana territory moving west to give a better sense of there
• Strategy in which a nation “attacks” another nation by enforcing sanctions or restrictions designed to hurt their opponents' economy

War Background

• Initial Effects of War Between Great Britain and France actually helps the US economy, increase in shipbuilding and trade as a “neutral carrier”
• Battle of Trafalgar Horatio Nelson and the British navy succeed in battle against French and Spanish Navy resulting in Britain rules the seas
• Britain’s are attacking ships and impressing citizens by preventing trade with France. The British navy impressed about 8000 sailors, many of them US citizens

Chesapeake incident

• The Chesapeake was a US naval vessel
• The British attacked them, killed three people, etc. and a naval vessel, not a merchant ship being attacked which would have been like attacking the government
• Jefferson had no military response so he made an economic one embargo act that basically halts exports
• Jefferson's "Peaceable Coercion" was to harm their economies to coerce them into not impressing soldiers hurting GDP, raising unemployment, and was wildly unpopular

Jefferson continuation

• Jefferson continued because he ddidn't see anything wrong with it
• Search and seizure without warrant and due process declared martial law
• It Hurts industrialization and farmers, inconsistent with Peaceful way and increases the size of the government for enforcement

War of 1812 Causes

• Britain wasn't respecting US sovereignty and with Canada under their control
• The British were assisting Native Americans with the indirect background of the War of 1812

Battle of Tippecanoe

• Attack on a town called Prophetstown that the Americans won, and William Harrison destroys

Relevant Acts

• Non-intercourse act replaced the Embargo Act with the US will trade with every nation but Britain and France
• Macon's Bill Number 2 whoever stops attacking our ships, we will keep an embargo on the other one
• Napoleon took advantage of the offer and gave up his attacks by the US responding with Britain having to ceasing to attacks on American

Treaty of Ghent

• The end didn't really do anything and both sides were tired of fighting useless war

War Vote

• Split within the nation: south and west largely supported the war, while the Northeast, strongly opposed, reflecting regional and political tensions within the country

Josiah Quincy

• Had a couple arguments against the war against British and French forces
• The Federalist party was ruining the war effort as they were unwilling to send to war with lack of army funds

Textbook Map

• Howe tries to invade Canada, loses the war
• The US burns the city of York while Perry and Harrison defeat the British
• The British invade, but we stopped them by Plattsburg at Lake Champlain and they regroup and go back to Canada
• The British cut their losses and want a peace treaty to in the southwest as our greatest success with General Andrew Jackson in the southwest
• It happened after the treaty was signed

British Strategy

• Blockade out coastline, invade from canada, attack from new orleans in the Chesapeake
• American strategy to invade canada under a failure because they tried to invade canada
• Fort McHenry, Burning of Washington DC, Lake Champlain, Horseshoe Bend, and New Orleans were major battles
• William Henry Harrison at Battle of Thames, and Oliver Perry, and Horseshoe Bend were American Successes

British Conditions

• British in 1814: their war with France ended sending more troops as and halt the opposition like burning of DC
• Disappearance: the war as European because they don't need our sailors
• Jackson became a national hero while the Federalist Party cemented with heavy casualties

Hartford Convention

• The federalists want to go back with GB, but die if they jump off a cliff
• Hurt their trade, and want to destroy is
• They continued to trade with British Canada and refused to send supplies and state militia

End Of The War

• met at the Hartford Convention with a3/5 compromise because gave more power to the southern states and with republican partners

War Effects

• Nationalism, patriotism, increase pride
• No more impressments and blockades, weaker NA resistance to US expansions
• Federalist party collapses and there is one political party however this party is not united
• The protective tariff 1816 and second national bank served
• the most powerful parties had their power during court cases of Marshall Court
• Marshall favoritism of favoring decisions with interest and federalist business ideas

Founding Father

• McCullock v. Maryland, and other decisions enforced by the ideas Hamilton
• The power to tax involves the power to destroy’ long term that reinforce government supremacies
• Ogden tried to argue that Gibbons argument, because New York could not interfere with it, and the law invalid for a foreign policy like this
• Fletcher v. Peck with State of Georgia to give invalid was land grants

The End Decision

• Long Time: limits state power, and increases confidence staying out of the change with foreign policy due to this
• This document would not allow these court cases to affect the national government
• John quincy adams set that us with other nation with a lack of European Interference