Early Times of Britain

Early Times of Britain

• The prehistoric period predates 6000 B.C.E.
• The Celts arrived around 6000 B.C.E.
• The Roman conquest occurred in 43 C.E.
• The Anglo-Saxon period began around 450 C.E.
• The Danish/Vikings invaded around 800 C.E.
• The Norman invasion took place in 1066 C.E.
• B.C.E. means Before Common Era.
• C.E. means Common Era.
• B.C. means Before Christ.
• A.D. (Anno Domini) means the year of the Lords.
• B.C.E./C.E. are non-religious terms used to avoid insulting or discriminating against other groups.
• B.C./A.D. are religious designations relating to Christianity.
• "Differently abled" is a politically correct way to address disabled people.
• "Animal companion" is used instead of "pet" for political correctness.
• Christianity translates to Cơ Đốc giáo in Vietnamese.
• Roman Catholicism translates to Thiên Chúa giáo/ Công giáo in Vietnamese.
• Protestant translates to Tin lành in Vietnamese.
• Orthodox translates to Chính thống giáo and is based in Trung Đông.

Prehistoric Period

• The Iberians from the Iberian Peninsula crossed the sea to Britain around 3000 B.C.E.
• The Iberians were small, dark with dark hair, in comparison with Northern Europeans
• The Iberians introduced metalworking skills, civilization, kept animals, cultivated corn, and made pottery.
• Sibury Hill mound is the largest man-made mound in Europe, 130 feet high, 5 acres, of unknown purpose and located in Avebury, Wiltshire, England.
• Stonehenge is a neolithic tomb and circles of magic architecture made of stones that are over 100 miles away.

The Celts (900 – 55 B.C.E.)

• The name "Britain" comes from the Greco-Roman word "Pretani" for the inhabitants of Britain; Romans mispronounced it as "Britannia".
• Around 700 B.C.E., the Celts began to arrive, they had fair/red hair and blue eyes.
• Diodorus Siculus: Celts looked “like wood-demons, their hair thick and shaggy like a horse's mane”
• Celts probably came from central Europe or southern Russia.
• Key Celtic regions include Ireland, Scotland, Cornwall, Wales, Brittany (France)
• Celts introduced tribal organization and ironworking.
• Druidism, the Celtic religion, involves living in harmony with nature with high-ranking members and political advisors.
• Celts were forced westwards to Wales, Scotland & Ireland

The Romans (43 410 C.E.) (Rome – Italy)

• The Romans invaded because the Celts of Britain were working with the Celts of Gaul, giving them food and shelter.
• The Britain Celts had developed agriculture and mild climate, and Britain was an important food producer.
• Horace: "The stream of ceanus, filled with large numbers of sea monsters, dashes against the shores of the distant Britons”
• Horace: "The Britons, who are savage towards foreigners...”
• The Britons' customs were like those of the Gauls, but simpler and more barbaric and unskilled in horticulture or farming
• Hadrian's Wall prevented the Scots' attack, located near the border between Scotland and England, measuring 73 miles long and 20 feet high.
• Legacy: the 3 most important things were Roads that “all lead to Rome", Sites of important cities like London, York, Manchester, Lancaster, that end with "Chester", and Christianity.
• Other legacy: language, villas, food such as turnips, carrots, apples, pears and grapes, baths, arts, language, and political organization.

The Anglo-Saxon Period

• Angles, Jutes, and Saxons, powerful Germanic tribes began raiding Britain, later settling after A.D. 430.
• The British Celts fought the Anglo-Saxons but were pushed into the mountains of the far west, called "Weallas" or Wales, the land of foreigners.
• Other Celts were driven into the lowlands of the country, becoming Scotland.
• The Anglo-Saxons had strong kinship groups, feuds, customary law, and polytheistic religions
• The Ruins of Whitby Abbey in Northumberland was built in the A.D. 600s.
• The Anglo-Saxons lacked written language.
• They depended on mixed economies.
• The legacy includes the name English and England (The land of the Angles).
• The names of the days of the week are from Anglo-Saxon origin:
  • Sunday is the day of the sun.
  • Monday is the day of the moon.
  • Tuesday is Tig’s day.
  • Wednesday is for Woden/Odin (God of War).
  • Thursday is for Thor.
  • Friday is for Frigg (Goddess, Odin's wife).
• Villages ending with "-ing" meant folk or family, such as Reading, the place of the family Rada, and Hastings, of Hasta's family
• "Ham" means farm and "ton" means settlement with examples of Birmingham, Nottingham, and Southampton.
• English is classified as a Germanic language

The Vikings

• The Nordic countries were the homeland.
• Viking means warrior.
• Only Wessex belonged to the Anglo-Saxon.
• Legacies from Norse myths & include the days of the week, particularly Tuesday dedicated to Tiw (God of Battle) and Thursday dedicated to Thor (God of Thunder).
• Vikings influenced common language, such as husband, egg, law, knife, and window.
• Derby, Mablethorpe and Everton are examples of Viking place names

The Norman

• The Normans originated as Vikings from Scandinavia
• They settled in Normandy, part of France.
• The Norman Conquest occurred in 1066, after the death of the English king Edward the Confessor
• Following King Edward's death a struggle for the throne ensued between: William, Duke of Normandy and Harold, Earl of Wessex.
• After defeating Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William of Normandy became King of England.
• Key Nordic countries include Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland and Denmark
• Norman is now in Caen

Medieval Britain

• Following the Norman period, British history is divided into houses or dynasties.
• These include Anglo-Normans (1066-1154), Plantagenets (1154-1399), Yorkists & Lancastrians (1399-1485)
• William the Conqueror was crowned in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.
• Native revolts continued until 1071, i.e. the Saxon rebellion
• England was divided among 180 Norman "Tenants in Chief", these were basically the Lords
• William brought about many changes in British culture
• Military conquest led to the Normanisation of England, Wales, and lowland Scotland.
• Cultural and economic links with France and continental Europe were re-established after William's victory & the Norman conquest
• Stone castles were built as administrative centers.

The Normans' Impact

• Aristocracy was introduced.
• Anglo-Saxon local governments and the judicial system were retained in England
• The English language was replaced by Latin, then by the more formal, syllabic: Norman French
• The English language slowly reappeared in the 13th century

Feudalism

• Feudalism originated in France and was brought to England by the Normans.
• Obligations between lord, vassal, and fief form the basis.
• Lords: owned all land.
• Vassals: received land and return services and goods
• The fief signifies land.
• Knights were supported by peasants, producing food and gaining ideological support from the church.
• "Every man had a lord, every lord had a land"
• The king owned all the land and gave a fife (an area of land) to rich lords and nobles.
• The lords and nobles agreed to supply the king with soldiers and horses for his army, and the nobles gave some land to professional soldiers.
• Knights (professional soldiers) have to fight for the King and nobles
• Peasants lived on the land of the knights and lords, providing food and money for the above.
• The manor was the economic side of Feudalism.

Domesday Book (1086)

• A first estate book was similar to paintings of Day of Judgement.
• It was a great survey by William I, where they live, and what they own.
• Officials were sent to 13,418 places to find out who lived there and what they owned.
• Its purpose was for tax collection and to resolve disputes between titles and lands.
• It is the most complete record of any country at that time and was consulted on legal and administrative matters into the Middle Ages.

Norman and Plantagenet Kings

• Henry II was the first Plantagenet King
• Geoffrey was the father of Henry II
• After William's death, his elder son Robert received the Duchy of Normandy
• Robert joined the fight on Holy Land.
• Rufus was to be in charge of the Duchy of Normandy.
• England was given to Rufus (second son).
• Rufus died in a hunting accident.
• Henry (Rufus's younger brother) quickly arrived and became king of England.
• Robert was angry and prepared to invade.
• The nobles followed Henry and Robert's invasion was unsuccessful.
• Henry was ambitious to invade Normandy, and succeeded.
• Henry had no son, so he had to let his daughter become the succession
• She married a great noble in France, but Henry had a disagreement with Matilda's husband, leaving the succession question unsolved.
• Henry II inherited more land and married Elanor of Aquitaine, who had much of the land in the southwest of France.
• Hennry II's followed by his sons and successors:
  • Young Henry obtained: England, Normandy & Anjou
  • Richard obtained: Aquitaine - Revolts against his father, later Young Henry died
  • Geoffrey obtained: Brittany
  • John obtained: Ireland
• Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine, heiress to much of the land in the southwest of France, gaining control of France

Richard I (1189–1199)

• Richard I was known as the lion-hearted.
• He was busy fighting in the Crusades IV (religious wars to retake the holy land)
• Henry II continued to function, collecting taxes to support his wars and to pay his ransom
• Later Richard was captured by the French and passed away

John (1199-1216)

• John lost Anjou, Poitou & Normandy to King of France Philip Augustus Lackland
• John was an extremely poor king and raised taxes which made The nobles revolt
• John was forced to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter) that guaranteed certain basic political rights and puts a limit on the king's powers

Henry III

• Conflict with barons and Simon de Monfort Parliament with two divided groups gradually formed a Parliament.
• House of Commons: Knights and Burgesses
• House of Lords: Nobles & Bishops
• Constitutional monarchy (nowadays)
• Like the Magna Carta, it provided a check on Royal power.

Edward I (1272 – 1307

• Edward conquered north-west Wales, ending the rule of its princes.
• He built stone castles, adopted the Welsh longbow as an English weapon, and named his oldest son the Prince of Wales.
• Having fought the Scots without much effect, Edward died in 1307
• On Edward's grave was written: "Edward, the Hammer of the Scots."

The Hundred Years' War

• C.E. 1328 King of France died without leaving a direct heir.
• King Edward III of England was the rightful successor to the French throne.
• The French were against being ruled by an English King.
• The French and English feelings were too bitter.
• Philip of Valois made preparations for war with England
• The war lasted from 1337 until 1453.
• The English had success at Crecy, Poitiers, and Agincourt
• After 100 years of fighting, the French declared victory over the English.
• The One Hundred Years War strengthened France and weakened England and England entered a period of turmoil.

RICHARD II (1377 - 1399) (Last of the House of Anjou)

• Richard II was the Grandson of Edward III and became king at 10
• He Believed in his divine right and absolute power.
• He Faced rebellions (Peasants in 1381).
• While on a military campaign in Ireland, Richard's cousin, Henry Bolingbroke, seized the throne, and Richard was forced to surrender to Henry.
• Richard was imprisoned in the tower of London and died within a few months

The War of the Roses and the House of Tudor

• Wales flag does not appear in the Union Jack because at the end of 13th century, Wales was conquered.
• Following the Hundred Years War, England was in turmoil and weakened the monarchy. Civil war broke out between rival claimants to the throne dating back to the sons of Edward III
• House of Lancaster John of Gaunt & RED ROSE: Henry VII
• House of York Duke Edmund & WHITE ROSE: Richard III Richard the third was the last king of England who usurped the throne and Edward killed him in the last battle to end the war.
• Henry VII (Henry Tudor) married Elizabeth, reconciliating the two houses, creating Tudor rose
• A transitional period with new kingdoms evolved, the Church became a dominant force and modern institutions originated such as the parliaments  

Tudor Dynasty

• Henry Tudor defeated Richard II in the battle of Bosworth in 1485 and married Elizabeth to unite the House of York.
• Margaret married to James IV of Scotland and Mary married to Louis XII of France to cement peace.
• Arthur married Catherine of Aragon of Spain [Arthur passed away].
• Henry the 8th married Catherine but this marriage was unacceptable.

Henry VII

• A renaissance prince (multi-language) and athlete, he created the Royal Navy that aided English expansions. He became king thanks to his brother and brother’s wife, and he wanted to get married again and asked the Pope for permission who denied it.

Reformation in Europe (14th-16th)

• The church needed to go back to their origins of simple poverty. Critcized, changes in society, Martin Luther and John Knox are deemed heretics.

Henry VII & the English Reformation

• He granted defender of the Faith by the Pope, Henry parted away from Rome, made establish the Anglican Church and Act of Supremacy for English monarch as Head of Anglican Church. Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry the 3rd married Jane Seymour and Henry the 4th married Anne, then 5th Catherine and 6th Catherine Parr.
• Edward VII was conferred the King when he was 9, Edward followed Protestant, Mary overthrew and became the Queen.

Power of the Queen

• She burned a lot of protestant and her name was “Bloody Mary” then Elizabeth became Queen.
• Elizabeth didn’t get married to avoid the share of power. She burned a lot of protestant and was deemed and the most evil or the most powerful Queen, leading English culture and won the Spanish and did explorations of America. She died in 1603

The Stuarts

• Keywords
• James and his sons then did the English Civil War with Oliver Cromwell, Queen Anne and political parties.

Dynasties

• James Elizabeth I died and James VI became James I as king, but they always fight on the power.
• James also had the Gun Powder Plot with Catholic that wanted to purify. But the Puritans said England for freedom of religion.

English Civil War

• Great landowners and Catholics in the north were on the crown’s side, and those with sea wealth supported the Parliament.
• But Oliver Cromwell, the Parliamentarian, Charles I’ execution and military dictatorship was created
• Charles II was invited to the rule but James was later abdicated.
• James II had to flee to France and Mary, his daughter offered the crown.
• The list of new rules with the Bill of Rights and no taxes were implemented.

Kings and their powers

• There was the dissolveion of the Scottish with James II and there’s no parliament law and the Queen ruled! The whigs wanted liberty.

England under the New Rule

• William Harvey and Harvey discovered the blood flow in 1628. Isaac Newton found law for gravity and increased colonies and trade.

The House of Hanover (1714-1837)

• Anne had no successors, and the crown was given to German George.
• He was unpopular and created Robert Walpole as the Prime.
• Because they were Catholic Bonnie and Charlie were not crowned.
• As Farmer the 3rd took the new trade by Neptune and ended the Napoleonic War, while the slavery started. There was steam, more factories.

The Victorian Era (1837-1901)

• The Queen ruled after a long while but there were new reform for voting and labor.
• Then there were trade with Act so the people organize together but they were also clashes between science Darwin and religion.

Wars in the World

• There was the First “the war to end wars” because of military actions and alliances.
• Two notes and neutrality created April
• The end for armistice, there was a treaty
• After Wilson called created of Nations, was the League because they disagreed with and weakened the world.

OutBreak of the second WW

• Then signed more pacts or attacked.
• The USA found Pears and declared so they started to win there were landings
• German was committing suicide at the Yalta Conference against Truman.
• The Jewel (Indian) got a triumph of new leadership.
• Then 1960s, Africa got freedom about the cold world like China.
• The European Union. Then England and Europe formed the Union

World on a small scale

• There were new isms and and social justice, to form and to help for strong ties. Blair did a new election against Clinton and America launched the war
• Brown and Gordon said to have an economical crises, then David and Theresa to may have one.
• There are negotiations but Johnson was chosen
• There was the pandemic but and the resignation of PM and Queen
• Rishi Sunak to get it!

American History

• Americans and Indians are similar, but the colonial period caused revolution

• Colonies need the British rule so taxes were collected to pay and and Americans got dressed by tea to form.

• The formal document was in 1872 but the war and Spain joined.

• There were 12 but now independent Texas that split America in the northern with trade and Southern with agriculture. Then there was the Civil war with Lincon

• Then in the 1920s there were immigrants being deported, they had shopping, airplane and auto transportation, and there were religions and traditions during prohibition. There was Al Capone, the KKK.

Great Women

• During 1920s women were free and with mass power. Harlem were a New York. There was a call of “The 20s Woman”

  • WWII marked two world
  • 1950s are the fabulous 50s, with the red being cold,
  • But the US created truman and gave new homes. The new culture increased and
  • The golden time had well-defined
  • And created NASA and saw aliens.

Americans Then

• The time of the new world with Nixon, and some treaties then carter won Iran at his time
• The 60s then created the Cuba Crisis with
• The moment called, until Parks formed movement about human rights with Dr
• The youths said that no for. Nixon said he would but a lot of stuff
• The moment called, until Parks formed movement about human rights with Dr. KING