Early Philosophers and Virtue Ethics

Contemplation or theorizing, focusing on understanding what is known.

Purpose or goal, especially in philosophy, like Aristotle's.

The study of purpose or design in nature or objects.

A philosophy emphasizing achieving happiness and flourishing.

Excellences related to human happiness in this life.

A human inclination towards things beneficial and avoiding harm to the body.

A human inclination to resist threats to bodily life.

Study of good and bad actions in relation to human purpose.

Rights accepted and enforced by the state, applicable to individuals and the government, equally available to all citizens.

An unconditional moral law that applies to everyone, regardless of personal desires.

Act only according to maxims universalizable without contradiction. If it does not work for everybody, its wrong.

Treat everyone, yourself included, as ends in themselves, not merely as means.

Act as if you're a law-making member of a community governed by ethical principles.

A philosophy that judges actions based on their consequences.

A duty or requirement to act in a certain way.

Capable of being applied to everyone without creating a contradiction.

Actions and laws judged by whether they promote happiness or cause pain; actions are wrong only if they harm or cause unhappiness.

Agreed with Bentham but emphasized higher pleasures (e.g., intellectual) over lower ones (e.g., physical).

What can be demanded by law.

Perfect duties; must be done; external necessity.

Imperfect duties; depend on subjective will.

Applying laws and rules fairly to ensure people get what they deserve; protecting, punishing, rewarding.

Utilitarian moral theories aim to maximize overall happiness for the greatest number of people.

A system advocating for public ownership of the means of production, aiming for equality in distribution of goods and services based on contribution.

A principle outlining how resources in a socialist society should be distributed. People contribute based on their abilities, and resources are distributed based on labor contributions.

Resources like factories, farms, etc., owned and managed by the government, aimed at common good.

Elimination of exploitation, equal access to resources (healthcare, education), preservation of natural resources, and incentivized work based on talent.

Reliance on cooperation, which negates competitive elements within society, and potential challenges in motivating all individuals.

A key figure in socialist thought, advocating for egalitarian systems.

A type of socialism that incorporates market mechanisms, emphasizing regulatory adjustments and redistribution of resources.

Leader who put socialist principles into practice with the Bolshevik Revolution.

Structuring business transactions legally to reduce tax liability.

A tax system where wealthier individuals pay a higher percentage of their income in taxes.

A tax system where lower-income individuals pay a higher percentage of their income in taxes.

A principle of taxation stating that the revenue generated should be enough to cover government expenses.

A principle stating that everyone should contribute to taxation based on their ability to pay.

A principle stating that the tax system should be easy to implement and manage.

Taxes are mandatory payments enforced by law.

Tax payments are proportional to income - higher income, higher taxes.

A system where the market determines prices based on supply and demand, primarily driven by profit-seeking individuals.

The key driver of efficiency and innovation in a capitalist system, as businesses strive to offer the best products at the most attractive prices.

Monopolies, where one entity controls a market, contradict the principles of capitalism by allowing the seller to dictate prices instead of supply and demand.

John Locke's idea that individuals acquire property rights by mixing their labor with unclaimed resources, forming the basis of private property in capitalism.

Ownership of resources motivates individuals to maximize their value, promoting economic efficiency and creating a basis for trade in a capitalist society.

A market failure that occurs when shared resources, not privately owned, are over-exploited due to lack of individual responsibility.

Illegal actions like misreporting income or claiming false deductions to avoid paying taxes, punishable by law.