Early Humans, Sumerians, Mesopotamia

Chapter 1

• Early humans used stone tools for hunting, food preparation and shelter during the Stone Age (~2.5 million years ago).
• Fire was controlled for cooking, warmth, light and protection
• Nomads moved in search of food

Sumerian Civilization (Mesopotamia)

• The Sumerian Civilization existed around ~4500 BCE
• It was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, in modern-day Iraq
• Notable city-states include Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Nippur
• Ziggurats are pyramid-like temples that were built for religious worship (~2200 BCE)
• Cuneiform writing developed from pictographs on clay tablets using reed styluses
• Cuneiform was initially used for trade, then expanded to record stories and personal letters
• Irrigation systems utilized levees and canals for agriculture
• Wheat and barley were grown as crops
• Sheep and cattle were raised as livestock
• The number system was Sexagesimal (Base-60) and led to 60-second minutes and 60-minute hours
• Sailboats and the wheel facilitated transportation and trade
• Wheeled carts were used for goods and people
• The plow enhanced agricultural efficiency and enabled mass production
• Disease was attributed to divine punishment
• Priests and exorcists performed rituals for healing

Babylonian Civilization

• The Babylonian Civilization was established around ~2004 BCE
• It was founded by Samu-abum and later expanded by Hammurabi
• The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built by Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife Amyitis (~605 BCE)
• The gardens used an advanced irrigation system, supplying 8,200 gallons of water daily
• Weapons included bronze weapons like sickle swords and spears
• The number system continued using the sexagesimal system inherited from Sumerians

Egyptian Civilization

• The Egyptian Civilization existed around ~3200 BCE
• The government was a Theocracy, with the Pharaoh considered a living god
• Temples were built from stone and decorated with carvings
• Mummification preserved bodies for the afterlife using natron salt for 70 days
• Hieroglyphics was a writing system using pictographs and symbols
• Physicians performed surgeries, practiced dentistry, and applied herbal remedies
• Irrigation was performed using Shaduf and the Archimedean screw for water lifting
• Mathematics involved using fractions, decimals, and basic geometry
• The calendar consisted of 12 months of 30 days + 5 extra days = 365 days/year
• Wigs were worn as a symbol of social status

Greek Civilization

• The Greek Civilization existed around the 8th Century BCE
• Open-air theaters included theatron (seating) and orchestra (performance space)
• Strong maritime trade occurred through the Mediterranean and Black Seas
• Philosophers:
  • Socrates developed the Socratic Method
  • Plato founded The Academy of Athens
  • Aristotle developed the empirical approach and Theory of Four Causes
  • Pythagoras introduced the Pythagorean Theorem
  • Democritus proposed the concept of atoms
  • Archimedes established the Law of Buoyancy

Roman Civilization

• The Roman Civilization was founded in 753 BCE by Romulus and Remus
• The government was a Republic from 509 BCE
• Cities were centered around the forum, with temples, basilicas, and law courts
• Building materials included:
  • Tufa, which is volcanic stone for construction
  • Travertine, which is white limestone for aesthetic appeal
• The first aqueduct, Aqua Appia (312 BCE), supplied water using gravity
• Architectures included:
  • Pantheon as temple for Roman gods
  • Colosseum as the largest amphitheater (~50,000 seating capacity)
  • Arch of Septimius Severus as a monument that celebrates military victories
  • Maison Carrée as a well-preserved Roman temple

Chapter 2

• Monasteries preserved knowledge during the Middle Ages
• Alchemy paved the way for modern chemistry
• Cathedrals and large architectural works demonstrated engineering advancements
• Mechanical Clocks were the first large-scale mechanical clocks constructed in Europe

Renaissance and Scientific Revolution

• The Printing Press (1440) by Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized communication and knowledge dissemination
• Nicolaus Copernicus (1543) proposed the Heliocentric model of the universe
• Galileo Galilei developed telescopes and supported heliocentrism
• Francis Bacon & René Descartes advocated for the scientific method

Industrial Revolution

• Telegraph (1837) by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patented the first commercial electrical telegraph
• Atlantic Telegraph Cable (1866) established transatlantic communication
• Electricity:
  • Benjamin Franklin demonstrated lightning as static electricity
  • Alessandro Volta created the voltaic pile (battery)
  • Michael Faraday (1831) discovered electromagnetism and built the electric dynamo
  • William Murdock (1792) introduced gas lighting
  • Thomas Edison & Joseph Swan developed practical incandescent light bulbs
  • Electric Tramways (1880s-1890s) enabled urban transport, notably the London Underground
• Internal-Combustion Engine:
  • Étienne Lenoir (1859) built the first gas engine
  • Nikolaus Otto (1878) created the four-stroke internal-combustion engine
  • Gottlieb Daimler & Carl Benz (1885) developed the first motorbike and motorcar
• Petroleum:
  • Chinese used bamboo pipelines for oil transport (600 B.C.)
  • Edwin Drake (1859) drilled the first successful oil well in Pennsylvania
  • Kerosene replaced whale oil for lighting
  • Daimler & Benz (1885) produced the first gasoline-powered automobile

Chronology of Major Events during the Industrial Revolution

• 1717: Abraham Darby used coke for iron production
• 1719: Derby Silk Mill was the first British textile factory
• 1742: Cotton mills were established in England
• 1764: James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny
• 1769: Richard Arkwright patented the Water Frame
• 1774: Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen
• 1779: Crompton invented the Spinning Mule
• 1799: Alessandro Volta developed the battery
• 1804: Joseph Jacquard invented the Jacquard loom
• 1837: Cooke and Wheatstone patented the electrical telegraph
• 1859: Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well
• 1866: A transatlantic telegraph cable was succesfully made
• 1878: Nikolaus Otto invented the four-stroke internal combustion engine
• 1885: Daimler and Benz developed the first gasoline-powered car
• 1899: Bayer Aspirin was introduced

Chapter 3

• Scientific revolutions, according to Thomas S. Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), involve paradigm shifts and major scientific changes
• Copernicus, Newton, Lavoisier, and Einstein are all tied to scientific revolutions
• Darwin and Freud are also linked to scientific revolutions
• Paradigm Shift: A fundamental change in basic concepts and practices
• Normal Science: Working within the bounds of an existing paradigm
• Paradigm shifts occur when anomalies accumulate that can't be explained by the current paradigm
• Paradigm shifts lead to a Scientific Revolution, distinct from the historical Scientific Revolution (16th-18th century)

Kuhn's Scientific Revolutions: From Copernicus to Einstein

• Geocentric Model: Ptolemy's (2nd century) proposed the Earth-centered universe
  • Earth as the center; Sun, Moon, and planets revolve around Earth
• Heliocentric Model: Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) proposed the Sun-centered universe
  • Key work: De revolutionibus orbium caelestium (1543)
  • Earth revolves around the Sun along with other planets
• The heliocentric theory faced significant resistance before support from Kepler, Galileo, and Newton
• Key Points of the Heliocentric Model:
  • Uniform, circular motion of heavenly bodies
  • Earth's three motions: rotation, revolution, and axis tilt
  • Apparent retrograde motions explained by Earth's movement

The Newtonian Revolution

• Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
  • Developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation
  • Established the foundation of classical mechanics
  • Key Work: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)
  • Newton contributed to optics, showing white light's composition using prisms
  • He co-developed calculus (with Leibniz)
• Key Points of the Newtonian Revolution:
  • Concept of universal gravitation
  • Mechanical model of the universe
  • Separation of spiritual influence from the understanding of physical phenomena

The Chemical Revolution

• Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794)
  • Conducted quantitative experiments that disproved the phlogiston theory
  • Established modern chemistry through systematic experimentation
  • Key Work: Traité élémentaire de chimie (1789)
• Introduced standardized chemical terms and methods
• Known as the "Father of Modern Chemistry"
• Key Points:
  • Oxygen's role in combustion
  • Shift from speculative alchemy to evidence-based chemistry

The Einsteinian Revolution

• Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
  • Developed the special and general theories of relativity
  • Revolutionized understanding of space, time, and gravity
  • Key Papers: Annus Mirabilis (1905)
    • Special Theory of Relativity
    • Photoelectric Effect (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1921)
    • Brownian Motion
    • Mass-Energy Equivalence (E = mc^2)
• It Replaced Newtonian mechanics in certain scenarios
• Key Points:
  • Time and space are relative, not fixed
  • Gravity as a curvature of spacetime
  • Foundation for modern physics and technology

Other Intellectual Revolutions

• The Darwinian Revolution:
  • Charles Darwin (1809-1882) developed the theory of evolution through natural selection
    • Key Work: On the Origin of Species (1859)
  • Rejected the creationist narrative, proposing common ancestry
  • It initially faced opposition but gained support over time
  • Key Points:
    • Survival of the fittest
    • Evolution driven by natural selection
    • Basis for modern evolutionary biology
• The Freudian Revolution:
  • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed psychoanalytic theory
    • Emphasized the role of the unconscious mind
    • Key Concepts:
      • Conscious vs. unconscious mind
      • Repression and unresolved psychological trauma
      • Interpretation of dreams and free association
  • Challenged the belief that humans are entirely rational beings
  • Key Points:
    • Proposed that unconscious desires drive behavior
    • Controversial and largely rejected in favor of modern cognitive psychology
• Scientific revolutions mark paradigm shifts
• Common characteristics include:
  • A radical idea demanding a paradigm shift
  • A figurehead responsible for the idea
  • Observations supporting the shift
• Scientific progress relies on challenging established norms, leading to the advancement of knowledge

Chapter 4

• Pre-colonial Science and Technology:
  • Obstacles to Technological Development:
    • The Philippines is an archipelagic nation, causing geographical separation
    • Diverse dialects hindered interaction and trade
    • Contentment with existing resources limited exploration of new ideas
    • Superstitious beliefs influenced daily life
  • Technological Practices:
    • Crop planting and animal domestication for food and rituals
    • Astronomical knowledge was used for farming and fishing schedules
    • Use of medicinal plants were used for healing
    • Basic construction and irrigation systems
    • Metal tools for hunting and defense
    • Music and artistic expression through instruments and jewelry-making
  • Writing System:
    • Baybayin was the ancient Filipino script used for communication and documentation
  • Concept of Time:
    • Time was marked using the lunar calendar and the movements of celestial bodies
    • Various names and descriptions for different times of day and night were used
  • Weights and Measures:
    • Measurement systems were based on body parts
    • Early metalwork used copper, bronze, and gold tools

Science and Technology During the Spanish Regime (1521-1898)

- Introduction of Formal Education:
    - Schools introduced subjects such as human anatomy, botany, and practical sciences
    - Colleges like Colegio de Manila (1590), Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595), and Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario (1611) were established
- Medical Advancements:
    - Introduction of modern medicine and pharmacy
    - Leon Ma. Guerrero is known as the father of Philippine pharmacy
- Economic Impact:
    - Manila Galleon Trade (1565-1815) connected the Philippines with Mexico which influenced culture and language
    - Agricultural innovations was promoted by Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos Del Pais de Filipinas (1780)

Science and Technology During the American Regime (1898-1935)

- Focus Areas:
    - Agriculture, health, and food processing were key focus areas
    - Development of public hospitals and health centers
- Educational Reforms:
    - Science education focused on sanitation and public health
    - The University of the Philippines (UP) was established in 1908
- Infrastructure Development:
    - Construction of roads, bridges, and modern sanitation systems
- Scientific Institutions:
    - The Bureau of Government Laboratories (1901) was replaced by the Bureau of Science (1905)
    - The National Research Council of the Philippines was established in 1933

Science and Technology During the Commonwealth Period (1935-1946)

- Scientific Progress:
    - The Bureau of Mines was created to support the mining industry
    - Increased research funding was given for agriculture and industry
- Economic Challenges:
    - Continued reliance occurred on foreign trade and agricultural exports
- Impact of World War II:
    - Severe destruction of infrastructure and resources
    - Difficulty in rebuilding the country post-war

Independence (1946-1965)

• The Post-independence saw limited innovation in science education and training
• The government created several science agencies and established state colleges and universities
• 1947: Bureau of Science was reorganized into the Institute of Science
• 1952: The Institute of Nutrition and the Science Foundation of the Philippines (SFP) was created
• 1958: Congress enacted the Science Act, forming the National Science Development Board (NSDB) to coordinate scientific work
• Agencies created in the 1960s included:
  • Philippine Inventors Commission (1964)
  • Philippine Coconut Research Institute (1964)
  • Philippine Textile Research Institute (1967)
  • Forest Products Research and Industries Development Commission (1969)

During the Marcos Era (1965-1985)

• Marcos prioritized science and technology in economic development
• Key Initiatives:
  • Enhanced science curricula in public schools
  • Funded applied science projects and science education
  • Philippine Science Community in Bicutan, Taguig was developed
• 1976: The National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) was established to gather scientific expertise

During the Fifth Republic (1986-Present)

• Corazon Aquino (1986-1992):
  • Executive Order No. 128 created the Technology Application and Promotion Institute (TAPI)
  • RA 6655 was introduced to encourage science education
  • The Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology was established
  • She passed RA 7459, the Inventors and Invention Incentives Act
• Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998):
  • He launched the Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND)
  • He promoted key legislation like:
    • RA 8439: Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel
    • RA 7687: Science and Technology Scholarship Law
    • RA 7459: Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act
    • RA 8293: Intellectual Property Code

Joseph Estrada (1998-2001)

• Enacted:
  • RA 8747: Philippine Clean Air Act
  • RA 8792: Electronic Commerce Act
• He promoted science education by expanding Science High Schools

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2010)

• Termed the "Golden Age" of Philippine Science and Technology
• Key laws:
  • RA 9367: Biofuels Act
  • RA 10601: Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization Act
  • RA 10055: Technology Transfer Act
• She launched the Filipinnovation program

Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016)

• Gave the National Scientist titles to notable Filipino scientists
• Supported scientific research and technological advancements

Rodrigo Duterte (2016-2022)

• Signed RA 11035: Balik Scientist Act to encourage Filipino scientists to return and contribute locally
• Addressed the low scientist-to-population ratio

Chapter 5

• The Salamander Amphibious Tricycle was invented by Atoy Llave and Dominic Chang and engineered by Lamberto Armada
  • Drives on land and water with a double-hull fiberglass body
  • Capacity for six passengers
  • It is available in 5kW electric and 250cc gasoline models
  • It Costs PhP 200,000 to PhP 230,000
• E-Jeepneys are manufactured by PhUV Inc., with contributions from various parts suppliers
  • Powered by rechargeable automotive batteries
  • Provides zero emissions, no noise or fumes
  • Has a Range of 65 km per charge
  • Costs PhP 700,000 to PhP 750,000
  • Used by private companies, schools, and LGUs
• Medical Incubator was invented by Fe Del Mundo
  • Made of bamboo with hot water bottles for temperature regulation
  • It provides an affordable medical solution for rural areas
• Single-chip 16-bit Microprocessor was invented by Diosdado Banatao
  • Developed the first single-chip graphical user interface accelerator
  • Improved processing speed and enabled graphical interfaces on computers
• Companies Founded were Mostron, S3, Chips & Technologies
• The Electrifilter was invented by Christian G. Sta. Romana and John Paul G. Santos
  • Generates electricity from wastewater and provides clean water
  • It is used for powering streetlights and providing clean water in emergencies
• SALt Lamp was invented by Aisa Mijeno with the
  • Features being an environment-friendly lamp powered by saltwater
  • Duration is 8 hours per fill
• It is used to Provide sustainable lighting to remote communities
• The Vazbuilt Modular Housing System was invented by Edgardo G. Vazquez with
  • Prefabricated concrete panels for quick, durable construction
    • Benefits: Fire-proof, earthquake-resistant, easy to assemble
    • Recognition: Awarded by WIPO for Best Invention of the Year
• Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap was developed by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) used to
  • Control dengue-carrying mosquito population with an
  • Organic solution that attracts and kills mosquito eggs and larvae
• Multi-Cooler Fan was invented by Edgardo Vazquez, an
  • Industrial fan that sprays fine mist for cooling large areas with
    • Applications such as providing cooling, repelling insects, and conserving energy
• Diwata-1 Micro-satellite was developed by: DOST, University of the Philippines, and Japanese institutions used for
  • Purpose such as Weather observation, disaster monitoring, and environmental tracking after being
    • Launched on April 27, 2016
• Diwata-2 Micro-satellite was developed by: PHL-Microsat Program and
  • Launched on October 29, 2018, with
    • Enhancements such as improved communications and longer operational lifespan
• Pinoy Hybrid Electric Train was developed by DOST-Metals Industry Research and Development Center and
  • Features a Diesel-electric hybrid using regenerative braking with a
    • Capacity for 880 passengers
• Quink Ink was invented by Francisco Quisumbing
  • Features such as quick-drying, water-resistant fountain pen ink
  • A global Impact after the rights were acquired by Parker Company but retained the “Quink" trademark

Filipino Scientists

Fe Del Mundo

• She was a Pediatrician and Scientist, known for her contributions to child health
• She was the first woman admitted to Harvard Medical School
• She Established the Children's Medical Center in the Philippines
• She Developed the Bamboo Incubator for rural communities
• She was Awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service

Abelardo Aguilar

• He was a Filipino Doctor who co-discovered Erythromycin
• He Partnered with Eli Lilly and Company for antibiotic research
• Erythromycin was branded as Ilosone, honoring Iloilo its location of discovery
• Provided a significant contribution to the global pharmaceutical industry

William Padolina

• He was a Chemist and Educator
• Former Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
• He Specialized In biotechnology and natural product chemistry
• Advocated for advancements in science and technology policies

Raymundo Punongbayan

• He was a Volcanologist and former Director of PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology)
• Provided accurate forecasts during the Mount Pinatubo eruption in 1991
• He Developed effective disaster preparedness programs
• The Recipient of the United Nations Sasakawa Award for Disaster Reduction

Artemio Salazar

• He was an Agronomist and Plant Breeder
• He Developed Quality Protein Maize (QPM) to combat malnutrition
• He Specialized in creating high-yielding and nutrient-rich maize varieties
• Is Recognized for his contributions to Philippine agriculture

Marissa Paglicawan

• She is a Materials Scientist
• She Developed Banana Fiber Composite for automotive applications
• She Advocated for the use of sustainable materials
• She Received the DOST Outstanding Technology Commercialization Award

Lourdes Cruz

• She is a Biochemist known for her research on Conotoxins
• She Discovered a snail toxin 1000x more potent than morphine
• She Co-developed Prialt (Ziconotide), a non-addictive painkiller
• She is the Recipient of the L'Oreal-UNESCO For Women in Science Award

Rody Sy

• He is a Cardiologist and Medical Researcher
• He Conducted research on hypertension, heart failure, and atherosclerosis
• He is Recognized as part of the Asian Scientist 100
• He Developed LIFE Course Study to analyze cardiovascular disease progression

Fabian Dayrit

• He is a Chemist and Educator
• He Specialized in natural products and environmental chemistry
• He Focused a Research focused on lagundi and carrageenan from Philippine seaweed
• He developed methods using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
• He was a Former president of the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)

Caesar Saloma

• He is a Physicist and former Chancellor of UP Diliman
• He was Awarded the Galileo Galilei Award for contributions to optics
• He Developed confocal laser scanning microscopy for imaging semiconductor sites
• He is recognized for advancements in photonics and signal processing

Ricardo Balog

• He is an Engineer who specialized in medical device innovation
• He Developed a low-cost orthopedic retractor and bone correction devices
• He is the Recipient of the Asian Scientist 100 recognition
• He was the Awarded the Mario Cruel Award for Advanced Engineering Technology

Elmer Dadios

• He is an Engineer and Educator who specialized in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotics
• He Developed intelligent systems and automated processes
• He is a Recipient of IEEE International Conference Awards
• He served as the president of the Mechatronics and Robotics Society of the Philippines

Rosalinda Torres

• She is a Chemist with expertise in natural product research
• She Developed plant-based health supplements and mosquito repellents
• She Applied larvicidal plant extracts to combat dengue-carrying mosquitoes
• Recognized as one of the Asian Scientist 100 in 2019

Alonzo Gabriel

• He is a Food Scientist and Microbiologist
• He Specialized in Hurdle Food Technology to ensure food safety
• He Developed microbial inactivation models to minimize food quality degradation
• He is a Recipient of the Outstanding Young Scientist Award from NAST

Gay Jane Perez

• She is an Environmental Scientist and Physicist
• She Led the Diwata-1 satellite program for drought monitoring
• She Developed satellite-based models for agricultural forecasting
• She is a Recipient of the ASEAN-US Science Prize for Women

Reinabelle Reyes

• She is an Astrophysicist and Data Scientist
• She Confirmed Einstein's Theory of General Relativity on a galactic scale
• She Received the Chambliss Astronomy Achievement Award
• She Advocates for science education and research in the Philippines

Charissa Marcaida Ferrera

• She is a Marine Biogeochemist
• She is Conducting research on water quality management
• She Investigates phosphorus pollution and harmful algal blooms
• She is a Recipient of the L'Oreal-UNESCO For Women in Science Fellowship
• She is Focused on improving coastal water quality in Pangasinan

Important thingies na daming hanash

• Philosophers in Chapter 1:
  • Socrates: Socratic Method
  • Plato: Founded The Academy of Athens
  • Aristotle: Developed the empirical approach and Theory of Four Causes
  • Pythagoras: Pythagorean Theorem
  • Democritus: Concept of atoms
  • Archimedes: Law of Buoyancy
• Chapter 2 Important Dates:
  • 1440: Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press
  • 1543: Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model
  • 1837: William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patented the first commercial telegraph
  • 1866: The Atlantic Telegraph Cable established transatlantic communication
  • 1831: Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetism and built the electric dynamo
  • 1792: William Murdock introduced gas lighting
  • 1880s-1890s: Electric tramways were established, notably in London

Important Key Points in Chapter 3

• Scientific Revolutions - Defined by Thomas S. Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962)
• Paradigm Shifts - Fundamental changes in scientific understanding
  • Normal Science - Research conducted within an accepted scientific framework
  • Revolutionary Science - Periods when existing paradigms are challenged and replaced
• Copernican Revolution - Shift from the geocentric (Earth-centered) model to the heliocentric (Sun-centered) model proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus
• Newtonian Revolution - Introduction of Newton's laws of motion and gravitation, establishing classical mechanics
• Chemical Revolution - Led by Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, who disproved the phlogiston theory and introduced modern chemistry
• Einsteinian Revolution - Albert Einstein's theories of relativity transformed the understanding of space, time, and gravity
• Darwinian Revolution - Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection challenged creationist views
• Freudian Revolution - Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory reshaped the understanding of human behavior and the unconscious mind

Philippine Presidents in Chapter 4

• Corazon Aquino (1986-1992):
  • Enacted Executive Order No. 128, creating the Technology Application and Promotion Institute (TAPI)
    • Introduced RA 6655 to encourage science education
    • Established the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology
    • Passed RA 7459, the Inventors and Invention Incentives Act
• Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998):
  • Launched the Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND)
    • Promoted RA 8439 (Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel)
    • Enacted RA 7687 (Science and Technology Scholarship Law)
• Joseph Estrada (1998-2001): Promoted RA 8747 (Philippine Clean Air Act) - Passed RA 8792 (Electronic Commerce Act) - Expanded Science High Schools
• Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2010): Known for the "Golden Age" of Philippine Science and Technology - Enacted RA 9367 (Biofuels Act) and RA 10055 (Technology Transfer Act) - Launched the Filipinnovation program
• Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016):
  • Conferred National Scientist titles
    • Supported technological advancements
• Rodrigo Duterte (2016-2022):
  • Passed RA 11035 (Balik Scientist Act)
    • Addressed the scientist-to-population ratio

Filipino Scientist

• Fe Del Mundo - Invented the bamboo incubator; first female admitted to Harvard Medical School
• Abelardo Aguilar - Co-discovered erythromycin, a key antibiotic
• William Padolina - Former DOST Secretary; biotechnology advocate
• Raymundo Punongbayan - PHIVOLCS Director; predicted Mount Pinatubo eruption
• Artemio Salazar - Developed quality rice varieties through hybrid breeding
• Marissa Paglicawan - Created abaca fiber-based materials as plastic alternatives
• Lourdes Cruz - Discovered conotoxins from sea snails for pain relief research
• Rody Sy - Cardiologist known for cardiovascular disease research
• Fabian Dayrit – Studied virgin coconut oil's medicinal properties
• Caesar Saloma – Award-winning physicist in optical physics and imaging
• Ricardo Balog - Innovator in waste-to-energy technology
• Elmer Dadios - Developed robotics and artificial intelligence systems
• Rosalinda Torres - Pioneered research in natural products for disease treatment
• Alonzo Gabriel - Food scientist specializing in food safety and preservation

Filipino Scientist

• Gay Jane Perez - Used satellite data for agricultural monitoring
• Reinabelle Reyes – Astrophysicist who confirmed Einstein's Theory of General Relativity
• Charissa Marcaida Ferrera - Marine scientist researching water pollution and ecosystem health