Early Computing and Cryptography (1900-1950)
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Early Computing and Cryptography (1900-1950)

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Questions and Answers

What was significant about the typewriters developed in the 1800s?

  • They marked the end of handwritten communication.
  • They facilitated quick and accurate document production. (correct)
  • They were used primarily for data encryption.
  • They were the first electronic devices.

    • Which computer is considered the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer?

  • Colossus
  • Analytical Engine
  • ENIAC (correct)
  • IBM 701

    • What characteristic did ENIAC possess that allowed it to execute different instructions based on data values?

  • Quantum computing
  • Conditional branching (correct)
  • Mechanical operation
  • Analog processing

    • What was Colossus primarily used for during World War II?

    <p>Breaking encrypted codes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the size of the ENIAC computer?

    <p>50-by-30 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes early analog computers like ENIAC?

    <p>They enabled complex calculations quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which device was operational before ENIAC?

    <p>Colossus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the key purposes of early computing devices during the 1900-1950 period?

    <p>Data processing in various industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following devices was specifically designed for code-breaking?

    <p>Colossus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary use of the Tunny machine?

    <p>Encrypting messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which machine occupied a dedicated room at Bletchley Park?

    <p>Colossus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much did the ENIAC approximately weigh?

    <p>About 30 tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significant moment delivered to Bletchley Park in January 1944?

    <p>The first Colossus machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these machines was not a physical computer?

    <p>Tunny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the size of ENIAC?

    <p>It occupied a space of about 15 by 9 meters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which machine was produced rapidly at the Post Office factory in Birmingham?

    <p>Colossus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the primary developers of transistors at Bell Labs?

    <p>John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant advantage of transistors over vacuum tubes?

    <p>Transistors consume less power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which programming languages were made possible due to improvements in second-generation computers?

    <p>FORTRAN and COBOL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data storage did second-generation computers initially utilize?

    <p>Magnetic tapes and drums</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major application of second-generation computers?

    <p>Complex scientific tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was the vacuum tube invented?

    <p>1904</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about transistors is incorrect?

    <p>Transistors are larger than vacuum tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key feature of second-generation computers regarding speed and performance?

    <p>They could perform millions of instructions per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between ASCII and Unicode character encoding?

    <p>Unicode can represent more characters than ASCII due to its use of 2 bytes for each character.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bytes are in one gigabyte (GB)?

    <p>1,073,741,824 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the character combination limit of Extended ASCII compared to Unicode?

    <p>Extended ASCII can represent 256 combinations, Unicode can represent 65,536.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of one terabyte (TB) in pages of text?

    <p>About 500,000 pages of text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which encoding method uses 8 bits for each character?

    <p>Extended ASCII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the abbreviation MB stand for in terms of data size?

    <p>Megabyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary use of ASCII?

    <p>It is most widely used with microcomputers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bytes are in one megabyte (MB)?

    <p>1,048,576 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) argue about technology?

    <p>Technology is shaped by social forces and human decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Actor-Network Theory (ANT), what plays a crucial role in the development of technology?

    <p>Networks of both human and non-human actors interact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the Innovation Diffusion Theory focus on?

    <p>The spread of innovations through society over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Critical Theory of Technology examine?

    <p>The impact of technology on power dynamics and social inequality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a task performed by internet search engines?

    <p>Organize social media posts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary assertion of the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT)?

    <p>Technologies are constructed through social negotiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Boolean operators assist with in information retrieval?

    <p>Filtering search results effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of websites is specifically designed to provide authoritative information?

    <p>Education websites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Early Computing (1900 - 1950)

    • ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer and the most powerful calculating device of its time.
    • ENIAC had conditional branching, allowing it to execute different instructions based on data values.
    • Colossus, operational in 1943, was a large-scale electronic machine specifically designed for code-breaking, while ENIAC, completed in 1946, occupied a 50-by-30-foot (15-by-9-meter) basement space at the Post Office Research Station in Dollis Hill.

    World War II and Cryptography (1940s)

    • During World War II, computers like Colossus were used for breaking codes and processing encrypted information.
    • The Tunny was a German cipher machine used in conjunction with teleprinters, the most significant source of messages for the Fish, a device based on electric teleprinter technology.
    • Colossus I was delivered to Bletchley Park in January 1944.

    First Generation of Computers (Vacuum Tubes)

    • Vacuum tubes, invented in 1904, allowed for the control of electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes and were used in first-generation computers.

    Second Generation of Computers (Transistors)

    • Transistors, developed in 1947, replaced vacuum tubes in computers, resulting in smaller size, less heat generation, and increased reliability.
    • FORTRAN (1957) and COBOL (1959) were high-level programming languages.
    • Magnetic storage, including magnetic tapes, magnetic drums, and magnetic disks, was introduced for data storage in second-generation computers.
    • Second-generation computers could perform millions of instructions per second and were used for complex tasks like business data processing and scientific research.

    Measures of Microcomputer Primary Storage Capacity

    • Megabyte (M, MB) is about 1 million bytes (1,048,576 bytes) and equals about 500 pages of text.
    • Gigabyte (G, GB) is about 1 billion bytes (1,073,741,824 bytes) and equals about 500,000 pages of text.
    • Terabyte (T, TB) represents about 1 trillion bytes (1,009,511,627,776 bytes) and equals about 500,000,000 pages of text.

    Social Construction of Technology

    • Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) proposes that technology is shaped by social forces and human decisions.
    • Actor-Network Theory (ANT) views technology as networks of human and non-human actors (machines, institutions, individuals) that interact to produce technological outcomes.
    • Innovation Diffusion Theory explores how innovations spread through society over time.
    • Critical Theory of Technology examines how technology intersects with power dynamics, social inequality, and cultural values.

    ASCII

    • ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) uses 7 or 8 bits (1 byte) for each character and is widely used with microcomputers.

    Unicode

    • Unicode, developed in the early 1990s, uses 2 bytes (16 bits) for each character and can represent almost all written languages of the world.

    Netiquette and Computer Ethics

    • Information Sharing is a process undertaken to locate or retrieve specific information to meet an information need.
    • Search Engines can search for web pages, keep an index, and show links to results.
    • Boolean Operators (and, or, not) are used in search engines to refine search results.
    • Social Media Platforms are web-based services that allow users to create public profiles, connect with other users, share content, and interact.

    Websites

    • Examples of websites include business, government, social media, multimedia, news, and education websites.

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    Related Documents

    EGE-312 final reviewer.pdf

    Description

    Explore the pivotal developments in early computing from 1900 to 1950, focusing on machines like ENIAC and Colossus. Learn how these innovations played a critical role during World War II in code-breaking and cryptography. This quiz covers the technological advancements that shaped modern computing.

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