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Questions and Answers
What was significant about the typewriters developed in the 1800s?
What was significant about the typewriters developed in the 1800s?
Which computer is considered the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer?
Which computer is considered the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer?
What characteristic did ENIAC possess that allowed it to execute different instructions based on data values?
What characteristic did ENIAC possess that allowed it to execute different instructions based on data values?
What was Colossus primarily used for during World War II?
What was Colossus primarily used for during World War II?
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What was the size of the ENIAC computer?
What was the size of the ENIAC computer?
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Which of the following best describes early analog computers like ENIAC?
Which of the following best describes early analog computers like ENIAC?
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Which device was operational before ENIAC?
Which device was operational before ENIAC?
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What was one of the key purposes of early computing devices during the 1900-1950 period?
What was one of the key purposes of early computing devices during the 1900-1950 period?
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Which of the following devices was specifically designed for code-breaking?
Which of the following devices was specifically designed for code-breaking?
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What was the primary use of the Tunny machine?
What was the primary use of the Tunny machine?
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Which machine occupied a dedicated room at Bletchley Park?
Which machine occupied a dedicated room at Bletchley Park?
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How much did the ENIAC approximately weigh?
How much did the ENIAC approximately weigh?
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What was the significant moment delivered to Bletchley Park in January 1944?
What was the significant moment delivered to Bletchley Park in January 1944?
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Which of these machines was not a physical computer?
Which of these machines was not a physical computer?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the size of ENIAC?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the size of ENIAC?
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Which machine was produced rapidly at the Post Office factory in Birmingham?
Which machine was produced rapidly at the Post Office factory in Birmingham?
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Who were the primary developers of transistors at Bell Labs?
Who were the primary developers of transistors at Bell Labs?
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What was a significant advantage of transistors over vacuum tubes?
What was a significant advantage of transistors over vacuum tubes?
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Which programming languages were made possible due to improvements in second-generation computers?
Which programming languages were made possible due to improvements in second-generation computers?
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What type of data storage did second-generation computers initially utilize?
What type of data storage did second-generation computers initially utilize?
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What was a major application of second-generation computers?
What was a major application of second-generation computers?
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In what year was the vacuum tube invented?
In what year was the vacuum tube invented?
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Which of the following statements about transistors is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about transistors is incorrect?
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What was a key feature of second-generation computers regarding speed and performance?
What was a key feature of second-generation computers regarding speed and performance?
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What is the primary difference between ASCII and Unicode character encoding?
What is the primary difference between ASCII and Unicode character encoding?
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How many bytes are in one gigabyte (GB)?
How many bytes are in one gigabyte (GB)?
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What is the character combination limit of Extended ASCII compared to Unicode?
What is the character combination limit of Extended ASCII compared to Unicode?
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What is the equivalent of one terabyte (TB) in pages of text?
What is the equivalent of one terabyte (TB) in pages of text?
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Which encoding method uses 8 bits for each character?
Which encoding method uses 8 bits for each character?
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What does the abbreviation MB stand for in terms of data size?
What does the abbreviation MB stand for in terms of data size?
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Which of the following best describes the primary use of ASCII?
Which of the following best describes the primary use of ASCII?
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How many bytes are in one megabyte (MB)?
How many bytes are in one megabyte (MB)?
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What does the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) argue about technology?
What does the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) argue about technology?
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According to Actor-Network Theory (ANT), what plays a crucial role in the development of technology?
According to Actor-Network Theory (ANT), what plays a crucial role in the development of technology?
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What aspect does the Innovation Diffusion Theory focus on?
What aspect does the Innovation Diffusion Theory focus on?
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What does the Critical Theory of Technology examine?
What does the Critical Theory of Technology examine?
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Which of the following is NOT a task performed by internet search engines?
Which of the following is NOT a task performed by internet search engines?
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What is a primary assertion of the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT)?
What is a primary assertion of the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT)?
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What do Boolean operators assist with in information retrieval?
What do Boolean operators assist with in information retrieval?
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Which type of websites is specifically designed to provide authoritative information?
Which type of websites is specifically designed to provide authoritative information?
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Study Notes
Early Computing (1900 - 1950)
- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer and the most powerful calculating device of its time.
- ENIAC had conditional branching, allowing it to execute different instructions based on data values.
- Colossus, operational in 1943, was a large-scale electronic machine specifically designed for code-breaking, while ENIAC, completed in 1946, occupied a 50-by-30-foot (15-by-9-meter) basement space at the Post Office Research Station in Dollis Hill.
World War II and Cryptography (1940s)
- During World War II, computers like Colossus were used for breaking codes and processing encrypted information.
- The Tunny was a German cipher machine used in conjunction with teleprinters, the most significant source of messages for the Fish, a device based on electric teleprinter technology.
- Colossus I was delivered to Bletchley Park in January 1944.
First Generation of Computers (Vacuum Tubes)
- Vacuum tubes, invented in 1904, allowed for the control of electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes and were used in first-generation computers.
Second Generation of Computers (Transistors)
- Transistors, developed in 1947, replaced vacuum tubes in computers, resulting in smaller size, less heat generation, and increased reliability.
- FORTRAN (1957) and COBOL (1959) were high-level programming languages.
- Magnetic storage, including magnetic tapes, magnetic drums, and magnetic disks, was introduced for data storage in second-generation computers.
- Second-generation computers could perform millions of instructions per second and were used for complex tasks like business data processing and scientific research.
Measures of Microcomputer Primary Storage Capacity
- Megabyte (M, MB) is about 1 million bytes (1,048,576 bytes) and equals about 500 pages of text.
- Gigabyte (G, GB) is about 1 billion bytes (1,073,741,824 bytes) and equals about 500,000 pages of text.
- Terabyte (T, TB) represents about 1 trillion bytes (1,009,511,627,776 bytes) and equals about 500,000,000 pages of text.
Social Construction of Technology
- Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) proposes that technology is shaped by social forces and human decisions.
- Actor-Network Theory (ANT) views technology as networks of human and non-human actors (machines, institutions, individuals) that interact to produce technological outcomes.
- Innovation Diffusion Theory explores how innovations spread through society over time.
- Critical Theory of Technology examines how technology intersects with power dynamics, social inequality, and cultural values.
ASCII
- ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) uses 7 or 8 bits (1 byte) for each character and is widely used with microcomputers.
Unicode
- Unicode, developed in the early 1990s, uses 2 bytes (16 bits) for each character and can represent almost all written languages of the world.
Netiquette and Computer Ethics
- Information Sharing is a process undertaken to locate or retrieve specific information to meet an information need.
- Search Engines can search for web pages, keep an index, and show links to results.
- Boolean Operators (and, or, not) are used in search engines to refine search results.
- Social Media Platforms are web-based services that allow users to create public profiles, connect with other users, share content, and interact.
Websites
- Examples of websites include business, government, social media, multimedia, news, and education websites.
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Description
Explore the pivotal developments in early computing from 1900 to 1950, focusing on machines like ENIAC and Colossus. Learn how these innovations played a critical role during World War II in code-breaking and cryptography. This quiz covers the technological advancements that shaped modern computing.
