Each vs Every: Grammar Rules

Okay, here are study notes based on the text above:

Rule 1: Each and Every

• Both "each" and "every" are always followed by a singular verb.

Each as an Adjective and Pronoun:

• "Each" can function as an adjective, describing or modifying nouns.
• When "each" is used as an adjective, it describes the noun.
• "Each" can also function as a pronoun, replacing a noun or noun phrase.
• Specifically, it used instead of a noun or a noun phrase.
• When "each" is used, the singular verb “is” is used.
• Refers to a plural number of people or items, but sees each as individual or dissimilar, not collectively.
• This is known as the Individualistic Approach.

Every as an Adjective:

• "Every" refers to a multiple number of people or items.
• "Every" considers these people or items as part of a similar collective group, this is known as the General Approach.
• "Each" can be used as a pronoun or adjective, but "Every" can only be used as an adjective.

Usage of Each and Every:

• “Each” is used for two or more items or people.
• "Every" can only be used for more than two items or people.
• With exactly two things you replace “every” with "both."
• “Every” but not “each,” can be used with abstract nouns.

Rule 2: Both and Not

• “Both” and “not” cannot be used together.
• Instead, "Neither…nor” can be used to indicate that two or more things are not true.
• “Neither” allows users to make a negative statement about two people or things at the same time.
• “Neither” goes before singular countable nouns.
• We use "Neither" to say “not either” in relation to two things.

Rule 3: Relative Pronouns (Who, Whom, Which, That)

• "Who" and "whom" are mainly used for people.
• These pronouns can also refer to animals mentioned by name and domesticated by people.
• "Which" is used for animals in general, non-domestic animals, and non-living things.
• "That" can be used for people, animals, or things without restrictions.

Usage of "That"

• All, any, the only, the same, none, much, no, the little, the few, something, anything, nothing, and superlative degrees are all followed by "that" only.
• Do not follow them with "who" or "which."

Whoever vs. Whomever

• "Whoever" is a subjective pronoun and serves as the subject of a verb.
• "Whomever" is an objective pronoun and serves as the object of a verb or a preposition.

Rule 4. Conditional Sentences

• Type I Condition: condition possible to fulfill, if clause in simple present, main clause in will-future or (Modal + infinitive) shall/can/may/ must + V1
• Type II condition in theory possible to fulfill, if clause in simple past, main clause is would + vl or, could/might/should + vl
• Type III Condition: condition not possible to fulfill (too late), if clause in past perfect, main clause would + have + past participle (V3) or, could/might/should + have + past participle (V3)
• The given rule is not applicable in the case of universal truth

Rule 5: One of the

• The general rule is : One of the + PLURAL NOUN + that/who etc. + SINGULAR/PLURAL VERB
• Noun following "one of the" is always a plural noun.
• Emphasize its importance that the RELATIVE PRONOUN (WHO/THAT/WHICH).
• (1)when the relative pronoun “who/that” is not used – i.e. if "one of the NOUNs" is actually the SUBJECT of the verb - then, we use a singular verb.
• (2) When the relative pronoun “who/that” is used – i.e. if "one of the nouns" is not actually the SUBJECT of the verb - then we use a plural verb.

Rule 6: Number + Unit + Noun structure

• If in combination “Number + Unit + Noun” or, "Number + Unit + Adjective" in a sentence, the singular form of the Unit is always used.
• If there is a combination of “Number + Unit” in a sentence, a singular Unit will be used if the sentence isn't self-explanatory.
• Otherwise, a plural Unit is used if the sentence is self-explanatory.
• In a sentence, if there is more than one Unit, Units are always arranged in ascending order.

Arbitrary Units

• Use of words like “handful, glassful, and fistful” as measuring units.
• Called "arbitrary units".

Rule 7: Expressions of measurement and verbs

• Expressions of time, money, speed, weight, height, and distance, when used or covered in one way, usually take a Singular verb.
• However, when these expressions are used or covered in various ways, a Plural verb is used.

Rule 8: comparisons

• Diamond is more precious than all metals - Correct
• Kalidasa was more famous than all English poets - Correct
• Kalidasa was more famous than all poets - Incorrect

Rule 9: time indicators

• words "for" and "since" are used in sentences where something began in the past and continues into the present.
• The preposition “for” is used to talk "duration" .
• The preposition “since” is used to denote “Point of start”.
• Only the Perfect Tense or Perfect Continuous Tense is used before “since” and “for” when they denote time:.
• “Since” is always followed by “Simple Past” tense.

Rule 10: Action Completion

• The action which happened earlier is denoted by using Past Perfect Tense and the action which happened later is denoted by using Simple Past Tense.

Rule 11: Gerunds

• Possessive Adjective:We use a Possessive Adjective (my, our, his, her, their, your) before a Gerund,
• "Me” is the objective case of the pronoun.
• Gerund: When V1+ING is used as a noun it is known as the Gerund

Rule 12: inversions

• Inversion: Putting the verb before the subject.
• Partial Inversion: When the Adverb is followed by a helping verb.
• Complete Inversion: A main verb is used after the Adverb.
• Note: In the case of "No sooner...than..."
• “No sooner” is used as an Adverb which is followed by a helping verb “had”.
• “No sooner” always comes with “than” and not with “when”.
• When a sentence starts with an adverb Neither this will following the law of Inversion

Rule 13: Normal places

• Normal places: school, college, church, bed, table, hospital, market, prison, jail, court, temple, mosque, university etc.
• Article is not used:For primary purpose (for which they are being made), , the article “The” is not used before them.
• Article is used: When these places are used for secondary purpose, the article “The” is used before them.

Rule 14

• Adverbs like “No sooner”, “Hardly”, “Scarcely”, etc. are always followed by a helping verb.
• adverbs "hardly, scarcely and barely” are always followed by “when”, while “No sooner” is followed by “than”.

Rule 15 Reflexive Pronoun

• The object of a sentence is the person or thing that receives the action of the verb. It answers the question “whom” or “what”?.
• There are certain words which are always followed by an object: enjoy, avail, absent, pride, adjust, reconcile, acquit, amuse, resign, avenge, exert, apply, adapt, etc.
• When these words are not followed by an object in the sentence, we use the reflexive pronouns as their object.
• words are not followed by reflexive pronouns as their object: “keep, stop, turn, qualify, bathe, move, rest, hide, etc.”

Rule 17 Subject-Verb Agreement

• Whenever the two subjects are connected by “as well as, together with, along with, and not, in addition to, like, unlike, with, rather than, except, no less than, nothing but, more than one”, the verb agrees with the first Subject.
• We follow the same rule the verb agrees with the first Subject when two subjects are connected by “governed by”, “accompanied by”, “but”, “besides”, “led by", “run by", etc.

Rule 18 - Difference between Noun and Verb

• For similar sounding words.
• To locate noun in the sentence, we generally try to find the answer of ‘what’, ‘who’, or ‘whom’.

###Rule 19 cases for pronouns

• Comparisons are usually done between the same things -So whenever we compare, we compare Subjective case to Subjective case and Objective case to objective case..

###Rule 20: Who vs. Whom?

• "Who” is used as a subjective pronoun, and “Whom” is used as an objective pronoun.
• That simply means that" who "is always as a subject to a verb, and that" whom "is always working as an object in a sentence

###Rule 21: preposition

• Certain words like “separation, excuse, mention, favour, pardon, leave, report, sight, etc.” do not take Possessive case before them.

###Rule 22: One another" and "other"

• we use “each other” and “one another” to show that each person in a group of two or more people does something to the others. "Each other” is generally used for two people while "one another” is used for more than two people.
• Other: adjective meaning 'different' or 'the second of two items'. Other can be used with singular or plural nouns
• When we use 'an' before 'other', we write it as one word: another

###Rule 23:

• Whenever the words “Seldom",or "Little Nothing” , the law of inversion will be followed.

###Rule 24: Whenever we use "very”

• Whenever we use "very” with Superlative degree, article “the” is always used before "very” i.e. "the very superlative"

###Rule 25 Enough

• the word “Enough” can either be "ADverb or Adjective.

###Rule 26 use of 'as'

• (“as” can be used as an adverb with these given words – “treat, define, regard, describe, respect, depict, portray, view, know, etc.").

###Rule 27:

• "Although", meaning "in spite of something", is a subordinating conjunction. It means that the conjunction has subordinate caluse which requires a main statement

###Rule 28 - ing form errors.

• There are certain verbs which do not exist in "-ing” form.

###Rule 29 Always used in perfect

• There are certain words which are always used in Perfect Tense: “ever, never, /yet, already, now, just now, until, now, always, occasionally, often, lately, recently, so far, upto now, upto the present”

###Rule 30 Collective Noun

• When a "collective noun" denotes a whole group working together on the same task, we use singular form
• When "collective noun" is a whole group working for different tasks we use plural verb..
• Words like police, vermin, cattle, clergy,gentry, poultry, folk, peasantry,people, infantry, cavalry etc”, are "plural nouns" then it always takes plural verb.

Rule 31 words and letter combinations to use TO

• Certain words which are always followed by the preposition "to.
• Any word suffixed with -ior will always be followed by the preposition “to”.
• The words "marry" and "known" are always followed by the preposition “to” in the Passive voice.

###Rule 32

• use blank spaces that get filled up with adjectives in a passive degree

###Rule 33.

• "times" whenever in a sentence depicting comparison times comes up, it is never followed by a comparative degree.

###Rule34 Indirect

• Indirect Speech is always a statement.

###Rule 35

• the word "or", "nor," "neither/nor," "either/or," or "not only/but also", we use the verb according to the nearest subject.

###Rule 36

• Comparison between two qualities of an object: Whenever two qualities of an object are compared, we always use the word “more”. We don’t use comparative degree in that case.

###Rule 37 "more" "many"

• Whenever “more than one” or “many a” is used to quantify a noun, it is always followed by a singular noun and a singular verb.
• when “Many, A good many, A great many” re used to quantify a noun, they are always followed by a plural noun and a plural verb.

###Rule 38 Words of DOUBT Whenever we get the word “doubt” or “doubtful” in a sentence, we use the connector either “if” or “whether"

###Rule 40 quantifiers of words"

• we have use of words such as littler, or the same but it's not so different There is a gen rule that "any" is use for questions or negative.While "some" are use for positive sentences

###Rule 41 prepositions

• the pronoun after preposition is a objective case.

###Rule 42 case of pronoun

• when the sentence only has two pronouns then (2,3) ,(2,1) (3,1) sequence
• when the sentence has 3 pronouns (1,2,3) for negative message. -when the sentence has 3 pronouns (1,2,3) sequence but postive message.

###Rule 43 : Superfluous error

• Superfluousness, means more than required sentence.

###Rule 44 - Apoostrophe ( 's )" Apostrophe ( 's ) never used to non living objects. except time, weight ,distance, place etc, heaven or personification .

###Rule 45: Times in past Simple past tense in the sentesnce used when time is mentioned .

###Rule 46:unique excel

• There are certain words -unique excellent which are never used with most .

###Rule 47:

• words are Quire and all. Quire (adverb and completed)

###Rule 48 Ago, Before time

###Rule 49: comon passion - "last (owner) " -Spilt passion - " separate passion has possesive form . ###Rule 50,51 ,52 - words and uses: Its- used to it is .

• ITS is denotes -

###Rule 84:

• When the word "Politics” is considered as a field then use a singular sense .

###Rule 85:

• usage of mathematics and statistics : when these use are used as field then singular sense use .

###Rule 86: use the article "A" the 1 when that the world is unique them the article used.

###Rule 87:" too" and "also" : use cases

###Rule 88 "pray"

• optative sentence expresses pray we used then only use 1 or v1 . ###Rule 89

###Pseudo subject :

• The subject is used day so it "it " which works as introductory subject . ###Rule90:

###Relative in a sentence should follow by a word or proposition .

###Rule 91:

• when two words in helping statement should be on man verb with cases.

###Rule 92 - Certain words like “belongings, savings, congratulations, scissors, proceeds are regarded as "plural and not "collective nouns". Plural noun always takes a plural verb.

###Rule 93. : words are used physics math that have singular sense.

###Rule 94: Certain words dont have purals And must be written normally. Example furniture, scenery etc.luggage etc.

###Rule 95: Conditional Tense

• There are 3 types, perfect, past and future Used for certain senteces

###Rule 96 A possessive case should be used after ""all* or "both .

###Rule 97 as should note be written in a case after - no sooner

• Due to should was not use for certain cases . For quantity u should use "small".

###Rule 98 Some word is singular some can be turned to plural . ###Rule 104: Position of Adverbs- We placed 3 sentence adverb Starting/ helping verb and main verb/ at the end Adverbs can nvr be in main verb and object

###Rule105: Multiple adj

• It is important to order words with a Adverb Of.
• Manner ,place times

###Rule 106. Verg used pos degree

• Much" use com or p.p

###Rule 107

• Between" should be written by "and." ###108-RULE: plurals

###Rule 109. some sentences are not used as intended

###Rule 110 Possess words

• possess adjectives refer to a noun by showing a belonging to a particular person or thing

###Rule 11 Use “elder" or "older"

• elder is only use family and older is use at work only.

###Rule 11.

• when there is no object , we cannot use the objective case-